KALANJIYAM - International Journal of Tamil Studies
KALANJIYAM – An International Journal of Tamil Studies is a quarterly bilingual publication in Tamil and English that seeks to enhance the knowledge and appreciation of Tamil literature and culture among scholars, students, and the general public through its rigorous, high-quality articles. The editorial team and contributors of KALANJIYAM consist of renowned experts in Tamil studies from around the globe, who contribute their expertise and insights to the journal. Each issue includes a variety of essays exploring different dimensions of Tamil literature, such as poetry, drama, fiction, and non-fiction, along with folklore and translation analysis. Additionally, KALANJIYAM features comprehensive book reviews that offer critical evaluations of recent academic works. This journal serves as an essential resource for anyone intrigued by Tamil literature and culture, enjoying widespread readership and citation among scholars and researchers. The significant contributions it makes to Tamil studies have led to several awards and honors. In addition to its printed version, KALANJIYAM is also available online, making its rich academic content easily accessible. With its dedication to scholarly rigor, thoughtful analysis, and promotion of Tamil literature and culture, KALANJIYAM is a must-read publication for anyone passionate about the vibrant heritage of Tamil Nadu.
Department of Library, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College, Pollachi
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நற்றிணை: எயினந்தை மகனார் இளங்கீரனார் பாடல்களில் பொருட்புலப்பாடு
The oldest Literature in the Tamil language is the Sangam literature, which is classified as the most ancient literature. That literature is divided into Akam and Puram categories on the basis of disciplines. In internal literature, subject fields are used as references to convey information. That method is used for the concentration of ideas and for expression of ideas. Tolkappiyar defined the subject – fields. Furthermore, kinship, plants, animals, religion, rituals, costumes, clothing, dwelling, utensils, household words, politics, many kind of food, sculptures, architecture, communication, business, war, sports and entertainment, colors, measurements, festivals, rituals, medical methods, cosmetics, transportation, science, special names, nature, characteristics, etc., can be included in the subject field. Like singular words, compound words also have a subject relationship. By examining the semantic relationship of compound words, the semantic creation of compound words can also be revealed. This article examines the topic using this content strategy.
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The most revered place in Vaishnava shrines is the Thiruvaranga. The lying form of the Thirumal is particularly visible here. Many people worship and venerate this Thirumal in various ways. In particular, among the azhwars known as the great Vaishnava saints like Thirumangaiyazhwar and Kulasekarazhwar, Thondaradippodiyajwar also worshipped Lord Thiruvaranga. They have sung in their hymns, remembering and melting in the memory of Lord Thiruvaranga. It can also be seen that when singing in praise of Thirumalai, they have sung with great emotion, using metaphors. This study aims to investigate the historical accounts of the Thiruvaranga, its significance and organization, and the parables known in the poems of Thondaradippodiyāzhvar, in order to convey such stories to future generations.
Sangam literature reveals the thought processes, associated norms, practiced ethics, and beliefs that emerged in the lives of ancient Tamils. Establishing the path of life in a righteous manner constitutes the "Way of Life." The term Neri (Path) signifies a 'way' or 'method.' In the lives of ancient people, specific norms existed for various life components such as literature, politics, art, friendship, love, valor, and relationships. In the Tamil way of life, one can observe the progression of Aram (Virtue), seeking Porul (Wealth) through virtue, attaining Inbam (Pleasure) through wealth, and ultimately reaching Veeduperu (Liberation) through these three. Universal values such as honesty, truth, love, patience, and discipline are considered the exalted ethics of life. While literature is an art form connected to emotions, it can also be regarded as a historical document that records the thoughts and practices of the people of that time. Not only in Sangam literature but also in Bhakti literature, various cultural and ethical elements have been adapted to suit social living. These serve as pillars for the character development of every individual. Changes occur in the heart and actions of every individual according to time and circumstance, forming the destiny of human life. To ensure society achieves happiness and peace, and to ensure individual lives attain self-sufficiency, duties and ethics serve as the guiding channels. This is precisely what the Tirumurai, epics, and kavyas proclaim. Bhakti literatures serve as tools that lead people toward a noble path through the ages. The "Life Ethics" are those principles categorized and compiled by man himself to live as a true human being—to live prosperously within this world. This chapter aims to explain such life ethics through the perspective of the Tirumurai.
குலசேகராழ்வாரின் இறையனுபவம்: பக்தி இலக்கியத்தில் ஒரு முழுமையான ஆய்வு
In the history of Bhakti literature, the Pallava period and the later Chera period are considered a "Golden Age," as both Vaishnavism and Shaivism flourished during this era. In accordance with Thirumular’s proclamation, "God created me well, so that I may render Him well into Tamil," many great souls endowed with wisdom and divine love emerged in Tamil Nadu. Among them, those who held a deep devotion to Lord Vishnu and were immersed in His divine attributes (Kalyana Gunas) are revered as the 'Azhwars'. Among the twelve Azhwars, Kulasekhara Azhwar is unique; though a crowned monarch, he renounced his royal life for the sake of divine service. This article extensively analyzes how the Azhwar, driven by his love for Vishnu, experiences the Divine in various roles—such as a mother and a beloved—specifically within the fifth Thirumozhi titled 'Tharuthuyarathadayeel'. Furthermore, this study elaborates on his philosophy of total surrender (Saranagathi) and his profound longing for the sacred hills of Thiruvengadam, as expressed through his Sanskrit work Mukundamala and his Tamil hymns.
சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் அன்பும் அறமும்: பழந்தமிழர் வாழ்வியலின் விழுமியங்களும் சமூகக் கட்டமைப்பும் குறித்த விரிவான ஆய்வு
Sangam literature serves as a temporal mirror reflecting the lifestyle of ancient Tamils, specifically their internal (Akam) and external (Puram) emotions. Created between 300 BCE and 300 CE, these literary works are centered around two grand principles that serve as the foundation of human life: 'Anbu' (Love) and 'Aram' (Virtue/Ethics). Sangam literature categorizes life into Akam and Puram, emphasizing various virtue-based ideologies. Within the structure of the family, it regulated a refined culture involving characters such as the hero, heroine, foster mother, biological mother, and neighbors; in the realm of politics, it highlighted the king’s benevolence, bravery, victory, and other leadership qualities. Ancient Tamils sculpted their internal lives based on love and their external lives based on virtue. Through Sangam poems, this article extensively explores the depth of love, the strength of virtue that sustains that love, and the relationship between humans, animals, and nature. Furthermore, it analyzes how Sangam society maintained non-commercial ethics and a political system blending valor with compassion. It also examines the contribution of women in domestic life and how characters like the foster mother and biological mother upheld moral standards.
ஓம் சக்தி இதழ்களின் உள்ளடக்கமும் கருத்தாக்கமும்: ஓர் ஆழமான இதழியல் மற்றும் இலக்கிய ஆய்வு
This research paper provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the journalistic and literary contributions of the Tamil monthly magazine 'Om Sakthi'. Established in 1983 by Arutselvar Dr. N. Mahalingam, this magazine stands as a significant milestone in the history of communication. This study establishes how the magazine functions as a "treasure trove of knowledge" across the fields of literature, culture, education, science, and spirituality, moving beyond mere news dissemination. The paper discusses in detail how journalistic ethics are maintained through the magazine’s form (external structure) and content (internal structure), and how its core concepts have evolved to meet modern-day changes. Specifically, the study analyzes how the short stories featured in the magazine record social realities and how the poems document modern technological shifts using simple language. Ultimately, this research confirms that the magazine, born from Arutselvar’s visionary outlook, serves as a cultural ambassador transcending commercial interests.
Indian philosophical traditions are broadly classified in to two major categories namely Vaidika and Avaidia. Among these, Jainism, Buddhism and Lokayata belong to the Avaidika. Among these, Jainism, Buddhism, and Lokayata belong to the Avaidika tradition, as they denied the authority of Vedas. In Tamil intellectual traditions, diverse philosophical streams have emerged in different historical contexts such as Lokayata, Ajivaka, Jainism, Buddhism, Shaivism and Vaishnavism. Among these varied philosophical streams, Manimekalai occupies a distinctive place as a uniquely Tamil Buddhist philosophical text. It stands both in continuity with earlier aesthetic and ethical evaluations found within the Tamil tradition and deviate from them in several significant ways. In particular, the text Manimekalai, propounds Buddhist aesthetics from a woman-centric perspective. The ethical – aesthetic vision proposed in Manimekalai is shaped by several distinctive principles such as the doctrine of impermanence, the rejection of patriarchal authority, the renunciation of sensual desire, the annihilation of hunger and affirmation of equality among all living beings. இந்திய மெய்யியல் மரபில் வைதீக, அவைதீக என இருபிரிவுகள் உள்ளன. அவற்றுள் சமணம், பௌத்தம், உலகாயதம் அவைதீக மரபைச் சார்ந்தவை. தமிழ் மெய்யியல் மரபில் உலகாயதம், ஆசீவகம் தொடங்கி சமணம், பௌத்தம் என்றும் சைவம், வைணவம் என்றும் பல்வேறு போக்குகள் வரலாற்றுச் சூழலில் உள்ளன. அவற்றுள் மணிமேகலை தமிழின் தனித்தன்மையான பௌத்த மெய்யியல் பனுவலாக அமைகிறது. அழகியல் குறித்து தமிழ் மரபில் உள்ள முந்தைய மதிப்பீடுகளின் தொடர்ச்சியாகவும் அவற்றிலிருந்து மாறுபட்டும் உள்ளது. அதாவது பௌத்த அறவியலை பெண்ணை முதன்மைப் படுத்தும் நோக்கிலிருந்து அழகியலாக முன்மொழிகிறது. நிலையாமையும் ஆண்மறுப்பும், காமத்தை மறுத்தல், பசிப்பிணி நீக்கமும் உயிர்ச்சமத்துவமும் போன்ற நெறிகளில் தனித்துவமான அறவியலை அழகியலாகக் கொண்டுள்ளது.
தமிழ் அற இலக்கியங்களின் பன்முகத்தன்மை மற்றும் வாழ்வியல் விழுமியங்கள்: ஒரு வரலாற்று ரீதியான மற்றும் சமூகவியல் ஆய்வு
The dawn of life on Earth began with the emergence of the first living organisms, yet it is modern man—positioned at the biological pinnacle—who has sought to analytically decode the essence of existence. This scrutiny led to the categorization of life into three fundamental pillars: Aram (Virtue), Porul (Wealth), and Inbam (Pleasure). Central to this philosophy is the primacy of Aram, reflecting the belief that the true attainment of material well-being and emotional joy is only possible when built upon a foundation of righteousness. Within the Pathinen Kilkanakku, the eighteen didactic masterpieces of the post-Sangam era, eleven specific works serve as profound treatises on moral conduct: the Thirukkural, Naladiyar, Nanmanikkadigai, Inna Narpathu, Iniyavai Narpathu, Thirikadugam, Elathi, Mudumozhikkanchi, Acharakkovai, Pazhamozhi, and Sirupanchamoolam. By drawing upon this rich literary heritage, we can explore the timeless ethical principles that remain essential for navigating a meaningful and principled life.
கவிஞர் வைரமுத்து ‘நீர்’ கவிதையில் சுற்றுச்சூழல் சிந்தனைகள்
'Water' (Neer) is one of the "Great Poems" (Maha Kavithai) written by the poet Vairamuthu. This is a long-form poem spanning fifty-four pages. Despite its length, the poem maintains a brisk and engaging pace that prevents the reader from feeling weary. In this work, the poet records vital ideas for the current generation through the lens of environmental consciousness. He illustrates how humans pollute essential water sources such as rivers, wells, and ponds—which serve as primary sources of drinking water—within this modern computer age. Accordingly, this article analyzes the indispensability of water and how the pollution of rivers like the Ganges and Yamuna (famed for their sanctity), as well as wells and ponds, by sewage, industrial waste, chemicals, and dye factory effluents, leads not only to the contamination of drinking water but also to the degradation of the environment..
The Relationship Between Humans and Water
சிலப்பதிகாரத்தில் வெளிப்படும் பழந்தமிழர் கடல்வழி வணிகக் கட்டமைப்பு: ஒரு விரிவான வரலாற்று மற்றும் சமூகப் பொருளாதார ஆய்வு
The geographical structure of Tamil Nadu, surrounded by the sea on three sides as a peninsula, naturally ensured that the lifestyle and economy of the ancient Tamils were built around the ocean. Continuing from the Sangam era into the Epic period, Ilango Adigal’s Silappathikaram serves as a historical document recording the maritime trade dominance of the Tamils. This article extensively analyzes the commercial infrastructure of the port cities of Puhar and Musiri as described in Silappathikaram, the shipping technology known as Naavaai, the social status of merchant guilds like Maanaaykan and Maasaaththuvan, and trade relations with foreigners, including the Yavanas (Greeks and Romans). Specifically, it compares the pepper trade with Western nations, the influx of Roman gold into Tamil Nadu, and maritime ties with East Asian islands using literary evidence alongside archaeological findings from Arikamedu, Pattanam, Poompuhar, and the port of Berenike in Egypt. This study establishes how the maritime science of the Tamils, their ability to navigate ships by understanding wind directions, and their management of customs frameworks and warehouses created a flourishing global trade culture.
Human life is determined by social conditions. The character of man on society, and the character of society on the individual, are intertwined and change each other. Man needs society to maintain himself and to maintain himself without being destroyed. Thus, the bond between literature and society is stressed when the creator tries to realistically portray the social thoughts surrounding him in his works. Furthermore, it is the duty of a writer to try to solve the social problems faced by humans by revealing the true knowledge about the events taking place in society. This article examines the life problems of fishermen, their knowledge of the sea, the way they are worshipped as a sea god, and the unity of fishermen, etc., as featured in the novels of the writer Su. Tamilchelvi, who has done such a duty well.
Tolkappiyam holds the preeminent position in the tradition of Tamil grammar. This work contains the foundational concepts for prosodical traditions (Yappu Marabu), which explain the structural order, rhythmic harmony, and design of poetic compositions. Tolkappiyar demonstrates how elements such as the letter (ezhuttu), metrical unit (asai), foot (seer), linkage (thalai), and line (adi) intertwine to create the musicality and literary beauty of Tamil poetry. These traditions served as the bedrock for the development of later prosodical treatises like Yapparungalam and Yapparungalakkarigai. Furthermore, they reflect the practical conventions utilized in Sangam literature, such as Ettuthogai (The Eight Anthologies) and Pattupattu (The Ten Idylls). Ultimately, the prosodical traditions found in Tolkappiyam stand as a vital foundation that illustrates the antiquity and continuity of Tamil poetic grammar..
ஆயர்களின் கால்நடை வாழ்க்கையில் கொடாப்பு அமைப்பும் அதன் பண்பாட்டு முக்கியத்துவமும்
This article examines the Kodappu, a traditional structure found in the lives of the Ayar community, as a continuation of the Mullai landscape lifestyle of the Sangam period, where people lived in close harmony with nature. The Ayars, whose primary occupation is cattle rearing, lead a semi-nomadic life and construct the Kodappu as a temporary shelter and as a protective enclosure for their livestock. Built using natural materials such as nochchi sticks, bamboo, palm leaves, and fibers, the structure is created through processes like frame bending, leaf weaving, and rope tying. The circular design, the calculation involved in arranging the poles, and the traditional timing followed in cutting materials reflect the Ayars’ indigenous technological knowledge and experiential skills. Thus, the Kodappu stands not only as a functional structure supporting their livelihood but also as an important cultural symbol representing the continuity of Sangam-age Mullai traditions and traditional craft knowledge. இயற்கையோடு இயைந்து வாழ்ந்த சங்ககால முல்லை நில மக்களின் வாழ்வியல் மரபின் தொடர்ச்சியாக இன்றும் ஆயர்களின் வாழ்க்கையில் காணப்படும் கொடாப்பு அமைப்பை விளக்குவதே இக்கட்டுரையின் நோக்கமாகும். கால்நடை வளர்ப்பை முதன்மைத் தொழிலாகக் கொண்ட ஆயர்கள் அரைநாடோடி வாழ்க்கை முறையில் இடம்பெயர்ந்து வாழும் சூழலில் தற்காலிக குடியிருப்பாகவும் கால்நடைகளைப் பாதுகாப்பதற்குமான அமைப்பாகவும் கொடாப்பை உருவாக்குகின்றனர். நொச்சி, மூங்கில் போன்ற கம்புகள், பனை ஓலைகள் மற்றும் நார்கள் போன்ற இயற்கை வளங்களைப் பயன்படுத்தி கொடாப்பு வளைதல், ஓலை வேய்தல், கயிறு வரிதல் போன்ற பல கட்டங்களின் மூலம் இக்கட்டமைப்பு உருவாக்கப்படுகிறது. இச்செயல்முறைகளில் காணப்படும் வட்ட வடிவமைப்பு, கம்புகளின் கணக்கீடு, மற்றும் கம்புகள், ஓலைகளை வெட்டுவதில் பின்பற்றப்படும் காலக் கணிப்பு முறைகள் ஆகியவை ஆயர்களின் பாரம்பரிய தொழில்நுட்ப அறிவையும் அனுபவ அறிவையும் வெளிப்படுத்துகின்றன. எனவே கொடாப்பு என்பது ஆயர்களின் வாழ்வாதாரத் தேவையை நிறைவேற்றும் கட்டமைப்பாக மட்டுமல்லாமல், சங்ககால முல்லை நில வாழ்வியலின் தொடர்ச்சியையும் பாரம்பரிய கைவினை அறிவையும் பிரதிபலிக்கும் முக்கியமான கலாச்சாரச் சான்றாகவும் விளங்குகிறது.
உணவு ஒழுக்கமும் உண்ணாநோன்பும்: வள்ளலார் மற்றும் வேதாத்திரி மகரிஷி அவர்களின் தத்துவ மற்றும் வாழ்வியல் பார்வைகளின் ஒப்பீட்டு ஆய்வு
Food and fasting serve as decisive factors across three dimensions of human existence: physical health, mental discipline, and spiritual excellence. Within the long-standing spiritual and medical traditions of Tamil society, Thiruvarutprakasa Vallalar (19th century) and Philosopher Vethathiri Maharishi (20th century) proposed revolutionary and scientific perspectives on nutrition. Based on the core principle of "Jeevakarunyam" (compassion for all living beings), Vallalar viewed hunger as a dire disease and considered its eradication the first step toward spirituality. He emphasized a vegetarian diet and Sattva Guna (purity/harmony) as the pathway to "Soul-Identity-Unity" (Anma Neya Orumaipadu). Conversely, Vethathiri Maharishi defined food as "fuel for the body-machine" and scientifically explained the consequences of deviations in its quantity and method of consumption. In his Manavalakkalai (Simplified Kundalini Yoga) philosophy, he described fasting as a "maintenance service" for the digestive system, detailing how it helps conserve bio-magnetic energy (Uyir Kantha Attral). This paper compares the thoughts of these two great sages and integrates them with modern medical concepts such as Autophagy and Intermittent Fasting to propose a holistic lifestyle model. This study explores in detail how their ideas guide modern humanity across four domains: bodily purity, mental control, compassion, and spiritual evolution.
Food, clothing, and shelter are the fundamental needs of a human being. Recognizing these as the primary necessities of life, people throughout history have lived accordingly. Those unable to fulfill these needs sought out kings and individuals known for their charitable virtues (Kodai Aram) to secure their basic livelihood. These patrons gave generously without hesitation to those who approached them. This reflects the noble character of the Tamils, who lived selfless lives without prioritizing personal gain. Understanding that wealth is transient, people integrated the virtue of charity into their daily lives. Based on this principle, people continue to study and practice the life ethics portrayed in the literature created by Tamil poets. Literature reveals that people believed a transient life could be given lasting meaning through virtuous conduct, making charity an inseparable part of their existence. Kings stood at the forefront of this charitable tradition. Sangam literature highlights their noble nature; they not only provided the necessary resources for a prosperous life to impoverished poets who sought them out but would also personally escort them upon their departure. Furthermore, common people—guided by the advice of Tamil scholars—offered whatever help they could to others. Gratitude was a cornerstone of this society. Forgetting a favor was considered a grave error; people lived without ever forgetting the good deeds done by others during their times of need. The entire land knows of Kabilar, the scholar and close friend of Pari, who lived as a testament to this unyielding gratitude. Just as birds naturally flock to a tree laden with ripe fruit, people sought out kings with great hearts to receive patronage, as evidenced by literary records. Charity was not strictly defined by a single act; rather, helping others to the best of one’s ability is defined as "help" or "gift." In this regard, it is evident that ancient Tamils lived with a spirit of service from the very dawn of their civilization. Through Tamil literature, we see that despite the division of land into five landscapes (Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal, and Paalai), the Tamil people remained altruistic, extending their support to those from across all regions.
தமிழ்க்கூறும் உலக அமைதி: சங்க இலக்கியங்களில் உலகளாவிய மனிதாபிமானம் மற்றும் பொதுமைப் பண்புகள் குறித்த ஓர் ஆய்வு
Literature serves not only as a historical record of a society but also as a mirror reflecting its ethical values. Literatures that are celebrated across eras never shrink into narrow circles; instead, they possess universal qualities that embrace the entire world. Tamil Sangam literature—specifically Purananuru—echoes today from the United Nations to various international stages precisely because it possesses such a global philosophical background. Centering on Kaniyan Pungundranar’s famous line, "To us, all towns are our own, and everyone is our kin," this article extensively explores the ancient Tamils' concept of the "Global Citizen," alongside themes of humanity, equality, and brotherhood. Furthermore, it examines how the humanitarian principles emphasized in Thiruvalluvar’s Thirukkural and Seethalai Sathanar’s Manimekalai serve as a guide for modern world peace. The study also analyzes how these ideas have been championed on the international stage by leaders ranging from former President Abdul Kalam to current global figures. By integrating the Soft Power of Sangam literature with global diplomacy and ethics-based governance, this research proposes solutions for the creation of an egalitarian society.
சைவசித்தாந்தங்கள் கூறும் ஞானேந்திரியங்கள்
Gnanendriya is a tool for taking extraterrestrial information into knowledge. Vivekananda says that Gnanendriyas should serve the soul. The real freedom of the soul is to understand the senses. Saivasiddhantas and Thirumpas explain the idea that life can be made better by perfecting the Gnanendriyas for theology without going through the path of the Gnanendriyas. It is the soul that directs the senses. It is the Lord who directs the soul. Therefore, if the senses in ignorance there will be no sweetness in life, and the cycle of birth will continue as sins. Gnanendriyas arise from the sattvic ego. Sattvic egoism causes the mind to be calm and the senses to be directed. Sattvic Ego alone prepares one to surrender the ‘yan’ to the lord. According to Saivite philosophy Gnanendriyas do not arise directly from the body. They arise from Sattvic Ego.
சங்க அக இலக்கியங்களில் விலங்கு, பறவைகளின் உணவு மேலாண்மை
Sangam literature serves as a vivid portrait of human life lived in perfect harmony with nature, where the boundaries between the domestic and the wild are often blurred by shared ecological realities. In accordance with the ethical principle that "the world begins with food" (Undi Mutatre Ulagu), food remains the fundamental necessity for all living beings, ranging from those with a single sense to those with six. This biological imperative serves as the connective tissue between the human protagonist and the surrounding fauna. This study analyzes the "Food Management" techniques of animals and birds as described within the Sangam "Akam" (Interior) landscapes. By examining the five distinct eco-zones—Kurinji (mountains), Mullai (forests), Marutham (agricultural lands), Neithal (seashore), and Paalai (wasteland)—we uncover sophisticated poetic observations of foraging, hunting, and communal sharing among wildlife.
In this vast and expansive world, Tamil literatures hold a position of supreme distinction. They encompass such multifaceted perspectives that it can be said there is no subject matter that does not exist within them. It is an added strength that Tamil literatures serve as the primary foundation and pioneer for global cultural elements. Although numerous perspectives hold a place of pride in our grand literatures, the purpose of this article is to examine them through the lenses of virtue (Aram), philosophy, society, politics, law, education, and economics. Furthermore, this study seeks to demonstrate how these ancient frameworks are not merely relics of the past but are living doctrines that offer profound solutions to contemporary global challenges. By dissecting the socio-political structures found in works like the Purananuru and the ethical imperatives of the Thirukkural, we uncover a sophisticated blueprint for sustainable governance and social equity. This research will argue that the integration of classical Tamil thought into modern academic and policy-making discourses can provide a more holistic understanding of human progress. Ultimately, this exploration serves as a bridge, connecting the timeless wisdom of the Sangam and Post-Sangam eras to the complexities of our current interconnected world, reaffirming that the roots of global civilization are deeply intertwined with the Tamil literary tradition.
தேவாரத் திருமுறைகளில் யாப்பமைதிகள்: ஓர் ஆழமான பனுவல் ஆய்வு
In the history of Tamil literature, the Bhakti period is considered a golden age for both linguistic development and the evolution of prosodic structures. Specifically, the Devaram pathigams (hymns) that emerged in the 7th century provided a new dimension to Tamil poetry. This article extensively analyzes the various prosodic structures utilized in the Devaram. Through a textual study, it explains how complex poetic forms such as Idaimadakku (interstitial repetition), Egapatham, Ezhukutrirukkai (seven-tiered arrangement), Chakkaramatru, and Maalaimatru (palindromes) function in harmony with devotional sentiment. Furthermore, it highlights the close relationship between Isaitamil (musical Tamil) and prosody, illustrating how saints like Thirugnanasambandar masterfully employed intricate poetic techniques like Chithirakkavi (visual/pattern poetry). The structure of the Devaram hymns is subjected to critical scrutiny against the backdrop of grammatical treatises like Yapparungalakkarigai. This paper explains the link between ancient Tamil musical traditions and prosody, while also discussing the contributions of modern Devaram scholars.
பாடாண்திணையின் வகைமை நோக்கில் தேவாரம்: பக்தி இலக்கியப் பரிணாமம் மற்றும் புறப்பொருள் மரபுகளின் மீள்வாசிப்பு
In the history of Tamil literature, the transition from the Sangam era to the Bhakti era represents a monumental journey from land-based human praise to transcendental divine glorification. At the heart of this evolution lies the 'Padan Thinai' (the genre of praise), a tradition of Purapporul (heroic/external themes). Attributes such as fame, strength, philanthropy, and grace, which were attributed to kings and patrons in Sangam literature, were transformed in the 7th and 8th-century Devaram hymns into tools to extol the supreme power of Lord Shiva. This article extensively investigates how the sub-themes (thuraigal) of Padan Thinai—defined by Tolkappiyam and Purapporul Venba Maalai—deeply influenced the hymns of the Trinity (Thirugnanasambandar, Thirunavukkarasar, and Sundaramurthi Nayanar). Specifically, it examines themes such as Kadavul Vazhathu (invocation), Poovai Nilai (comparing a deity to the kaya flower), Iyanmozhi Vazhathu (extolling natural virtues), Parisil Thurai (seeking gifts/grace), and Kadavul Maattu Maanida Pendir Nayandha Pakkam (divine bridal mysticism). Furthermore, this textual analysis aligns the Ashta Veerata (eight heroic deeds) of the Lord with the bravery depicted in Purathinai, and the pleas of devotees with the Parisil Thurai (the poet's request for patronage). This paper establishes that Bhakti literature is a direct continuation of the Sangam tradition and illustrates how it functioned as a catalyst for social and spiritual transformation.
தேவார இயற்கை வருணனைகளின் நிலைப்பாட்டியலில் பரம்பொருள் தத்துவங்கள்: ஒரு விரிவான ஆய்வு
In the history of Tamil literature, the Bhakti Movement is regarded as a monumental social, religious, and literary renaissance. Specifically, within the Panniru Thirumurai—the foundational texts of Saivism—the first seven volumes, known as the Devaram, represent a pinnacle of both poetic and philosophical excellence. These hymns, graced by the Moovar Mudhaligal (St. Thirugnanasambandar, St. Thirunavukkarasar, and St. Sundaramurthi Swamigal), do not merely approach the Almighty as an abstract philosophical entity but perceive Him as the very essence of nature and the foundation of the universe. This research paper deeply analyzes how the natural descriptions recurring in the Devaram hymns illustrate the attributes of the Param-porul (Supreme Being). It explains in detail how the Saiva Thirumurais internalize the 'Ullurai Uvamam' (implied metaphor) technique inherited from Sangam literary tradition, transforming natural elements into symbols that explain spiritual truths. The study focuses on the beauty of the Lord’s form, the philosophical symbolism of His ornaments, the experience of Sivanubhava expressed through the actions of animals and birds, and the ritualistic significance of flowers. Furthermore, it describes—with supporting data—how the three core truths of Saiva Siddhanta (Pathi - God, Pasu - Soul, and Paasam - Bondage) are interwoven into descriptions of nature, and how these hymns were systematized during the Chola period to become a definitive social identity.
சங்க இலக்கியம் மற்றும் தேவாரப் பாடல்களில் பல்லுயிர் ஓம்புதலும் உயிரினச் சித்தரிப்புகளும்: ஒரு சூழலியல் மற்றும் குறியீட்டியல் ஆய்வு
This study provides a detailed analysis of how living organisms have been utilized as literary devices across two distinct periods of Tamil literature: the Sangam and Bhakti eras. In Sangam literature, fauna are employed through symbolic techniques such as Ullurai Uvamam (implied metaphor) and Iraichi (inferred meaning) within Akathinai (interior/love) poetry. The behaviors of parrots, peacocks, elephants, and tigers serve as potent symbols to illustrate the romantic nuances between the hero and the heroine. In the Devaram hymns, natural descriptions are leveraged to showcase the sanctity and fertility of sacred landscapes (Thiruthalangal). Furthermore, the study describes the symbolic significance of mythical creatures, such as the Yali, found in temple architecture and sculptures. Ultimately, this research synthesizes the necessity of preserving the biodiversity recorded in these texts and explores the solutions offered by ancient Tamil literature for addressing the modern ecological crisis.
தமிழ்ச் செவ்வியல் மற்றும் பக்தி இலக்கியத் தலங்களின் பின்னணியில் உயிரினங்கள்: ஒரு விரிவான சூழலியல் மற்றும் பண்பாட்டு ஆய்வு
The Tamil literary tradition spans a continuous history of over two thousand years. Throughout this history, nature does not exist merely as a backdrop but thrives as a living force intertwined with human life and emotions. This article extensively examines the descriptions of living organisms in Sangam literature and medieval Bhakti literature, particularly the Devaram hymns, through the lenses of Ecocriticism and Biodiversity Conservation. The study explains how the Sangam-era 'Thinai' theory aligns with modern biomes, and how animal behaviors were transformed into human ethics. Furthermore, it provides a detailed analysis of the precision with which the Devaram Trinity categorized organisms while singing of the natural beauty of sacred sites. It also explores how mythological legends involving animals—such as the elephant and spider at Thiruvanaikaval—have influenced architecture and spiritual culture. Finally, this research reveals how biological data found in Sangam poems serves as foundational data for modern wildlife conservation studies.
பாலகுமாரனின் சுகஜீவனம் புதினத்தில் வெளிப்படும் பெண்ணியச் சிந்தனைகள்: ஓர் ஆழமான சமூக-இலக்கியப் பகுப்பாய்வு
In today's modern literary landscape, feminism is not merely considered a theory but has emerged as a vital tool for reclaiming women's fundamental rights. In the history of Tamil literature, particularly in the realm of modern novels, writer Balakumaran’s contribution is unique. The philosophy put forward by Mahatma Gandhi—that the status of men will rise only when the status of women rises, and only when the status of both rises will the entire human society advance—serves as a primary thread in Balakumaran's works. The novel Sukajeevanam subtly records the complex lives of women in the urban setting of Chennai, specifically within the commercial environment of Sowcarpet. Contrary to common criticisms that feminism is a Western theory encouraging women to break away from the family structure, this novel presents it as a way of life that guides women toward a path of self-respect. This article analyzes the life struggles of four primary female characters in the novel Sukajeevanam—Sri Ramulu's wife, Gnanambal, Sornam, and Subbulakshmi—from a feminist perspective. It subjects to detailed analysis how the novel handles issues such as women's economic independence, the moral constraints forced by poverty, patriarchal violence, and the freedom they seek to attain through education. Furthermore, it explains how Balakumaran integrates Sangam literary poems and ethical literature into his contemporary narrative to compare the status of women across different eras.
Music serves as an identity in the development of human sociology and acts as a peaceful calling of the mind. Music is not just an art; it is a marvel created by the collaboration of science, mathematics, and technology. It is a powerful art form that expresses human emotions. Musical instruments and their associated technological advancements play a vital role in this. Traditionally, musical instruments were made from natural materials and operated through manual craftsmanship. However, technological advancements in instruments have sparked a revolution in the world of music. From the 20th century to the present day, the role of technology has become increasingly significant. Technology is utilized in every aspect of music production: creation, recording, editing, and distribution. It has made it possible for a single person to play multiple instruments, broadcast live performances, and edit music with ease. Online music publishing has enabled global reach, while tools like Auto-Tune ensure perfect pitch and help create innovative sounds. Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools that automatically generate music have also emerged. Today, electronic instruments serve as software for recording and editing, and as devices that connect professional training tools with computers. In modern music production, composers and producers can create music using software and electronic devices without physically playing traditional instruments. Technologies such as Auto-Tune, sound effects, and sampling enhance the quality of music, while streaming platforms have facilitated global distribution through online music releases.
தமிழ் இலக்கியத்திற்குக் கொங்குநாட்டுப் புலவர்களின் பங்களிப்பு
Tamil literature possesses a vast and ancient heritage spanning over two thousand five hundred years. From the Sangam era to the contemporary period, poets residing in the Kongu region have contributed significantly to every genre of Tamil literature. This lineage includes both male and female poets who enriched the language through their unique perspectives and scholarly depth. This article identifies these various poets and provides a detailed analysis of their literary works. தமிழிலக்கியம் இரண்டாயிரத்து ஐந்நூறு ஆண்டுகளுக்கு மேற்பட்ட நீண்ட நெடிய பரப்புடையது. தமிழில் சங்ககாலம் தொடங்கி இக்காலம் வரை தோன்றிய அனைத்து வகையான இலக்கிய வகைகளுக்கும் கொங்குப் பகுதியில் வாழ்ந்த புலவர்கள் பங்களிப்புச் செய்துள்ளனர். அவர்களுள் ஆண்பாற்புலவர்களும் பெண்பாற்புலவர்களும் இடம்பெற்றுள்ளனர். அந்தப்புலவர்கள் யாவர் என்பது குறித்தும் அவர்களின் படைப்புகள் குறித்தும் எடுத்துரைக்கிறது இக்கட்டுரை.
நாட்டியத்தில் கணிதம்: தாளக்கட்டுகள் மற்றும் ஜதிகளில் பொதிந்துள்ள கணித நுணுக்கங்கள் பற்றிய ஆய்வு
This research delves into the profound intersection between the Indian classical dance form, Bharatanatyam, and mathematical principles. While dance is often perceived purely as an aesthetic expression, its structural foundation—Thala (rhythm) and Laya (tempo)—is built upon rigorous mathematical precision. This study specifically explores the roles of Arithmetic, Permutations and Combinations, and Geometry in the formulation of 'Thala structures' and 'Jathis'. The research explains how the fundamental units of movement are divided based on time measures and analyzes the numerical transformations involved in creating different 'Gatis' (rhythms) such as Chathusram, Thisram, and Misram. The composition of Jathis is logically analyzed to show how a specific number of 'Matras' (beats) can be achieved through various mathematical combinations. For instance, the 'Thirikalam' (three speeds) used in Teermanams strictly adheres to the rules of multiplication and division. Furthermore, the study touches upon how the angles and postures (such as Aramandi) maintained by a dancer align with Euclidean Geometry. In conclusion, this research establishes that Bharatanatyam is not merely an aesthetic art form but a logical 'dancing mathematics' that translates abstract numbers into visual patterns.
தமிழக ரோமானிய வணிக உறவு: இலக்கிய உறவைக் கண்டறிவதற்கான ஒரு முன்னீடு
The trade relationship between Tamil Nadu and Rome dates back to antiquity and involved the exchange of goods such as pepper, pearls, gold, wine, and aromatic substances. Archaeological findings, including coins and pottery discovered in both regions, along with references in foreign travel accounts, attest to the extent of this commercial interaction. Tamil and Latin literary sources further reflect awareness of these exchanges. While economic exchange forms the basis of Tamil–Roman contact, trade relations often extend beyond commerce and foster cultural interaction. Literary references to foreign peoples and distant lands in both Tamil and Latin texts suggest a broader cultural engagement shaped by sustained contact. This article examines archaeological, historical, and literary evidence to explore the possibility that commercial exchange between Tamil Nadu and Rome also contributed to cultural and literary connections.
நெய்தல் நில மக்களின் வாழ்வியல் விழுமியங்கள்
Sangam literature serves as a realistic record of the lifestyle of ancient Tamils. These works are categorized into Akam (interior/love) and Puram (exterior/valor), prioritizing the love between men and women as well as the personal excellence and personality traits of individuals. Furthermore, Sangam literature classifies the land into four distinct regions based on the environment, soil, and way of life: Kurinji (mountains), Mullai (forests), Marutham (farmlands), and Neithal (seashore). Each Thinai (landscape) was structured with its own specific lifestyle and cultural framework. Among these, Neithal documents the lives lived along the coastal regions. This landscape also served as the gateway for maritime trade and commerce. The primary objective of this research paper is to highlight and explore the lifestyle values of the people who inhabited this land.