சங்க இலக்கியங்கள் வழி அறியலாகும் பண்டைய சடங்குகள்

Ancient rituals known through Sangam literature

Abstract

The Sangam era was defined by the interplay of Akam (the inner world of emotions and love) and Puram (the outer world of public life and valor). Various rituals were intertwined with the daily lives of the people—encompassing love, marriage, worship, warfare, agriculture, death, and hospitality. Information regarding these rituals is widely found in texts such as Tolkappiyam, Akananuru, Purananuru, Natrinai, Kuruntokai, Ainkurunuru, Kalittokai, Patitruppattu, and Pattinappalai. These rituals were not merely religious activities; they were deeply connected to social order, family relationships, beliefs regarding nature, the spirit of valor, and the remembrance of ancestors. People in different regions adopted specific customs suited to their living environments. Deeply integrated into the social fabric, communities adhered to various beliefs and the rituals associated with them. Ritualistic practices accompanied human life from birth to death. Sangam literature serves as a mirror, clearly reflecting the customs and beliefs of that ancient society. Special rituals were performed at various stages of life—from conception in the mother's womb to death—to mark and commemorate these milestones. Thus, a ritual represents a prescribed form of conduct. This research paper examines such rituals through the lens of Sangam literature.