Journal title (In Regional) களஞ்சியம் - சர்வதேச தமிழ் ஆய்வு இதழ்
Journal title (In English) KALANJIYAM – International Journal of Tamil Studies
Publication language Tamil (தமிழ்), English, Abstract and References in English
Abbreviated key-title: KALANJIYAM - KIJTS
Publishing frequency Quarterly (February, May, August, and November)
E-ISSN 2456-5148
DOI registered Tamil Journal
Vol. 4 No. 05 (2026): Kalanjiyam February 2026
Articles
-
யாத்ரா நடனத்தின் தோற்றமும் சமூக-அரசியல் மற்றும் பொருளாதாரப் பரிணாம வளர்ச்சியும்: ஒரு விரிவான ஆய்வியல் அறிக்கை The Origin and Socio-Political and Economic Evolution of Jatra Dance: A Comprehensive Research Report
Dr. Thakshayiny Paramadevan Senior Lecturer, Dance Drama& Theater Arts, Swamy Vipulananda Institute of Aesthetic Studies, Eastern University, Srilanka. Sri LankaThis research paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the historical journey of Jatra, an art form whose name originates from the root word "Yatra" (meaning journey or pilgrimage). Beginning with the 15th-century Bhakti movement, it functioned as a medium for the Vaishnavite preaching of Chaitanya Mahaprabhu, evolved into a revolutionary political tool during the Swadeshi movement of the British colonial era, and has ultimately transformed into a modern commercial theatre industry with a turnover involving thousands of crores of rupees today. Furthermore, this study analyzes the technical components, stage arrangements, musical instruments, and the philosophical significance of the 'Bibek' (Conscience) character from a sociological perspective. The report also incorporates current data for the 2024-2025 fiscal year and the economic status of professional troupes.
இந்த ஆய்வறிக்கையானது யாத்ரா (Jatra) எனும் பாரம்பரியத் தமிழ் "யாத்திரை" என்பதன் வேர்ச் சொல்லிலிருந்து உருவான கலை வடிவத்தின் வரலாற்றுப் பயணத்தை விரிவாக ஆராய்கிறது. 15-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் பக்தி இயக்கத்தில் தொடங்கி, சைதன்ய மகாபிரபுவின் வைணவப் பிரச்சார ஊடகமாக இருந்து, பிரிட்டிஷ் ஆட்சிக் காலத்தின் சுதேசி இயக்க அரசியல் கருவியாக உருவெடுத்து, இன்று பல்லாயிரம் கோடி ரூபாய் புழங்கும் ஒரு நவீன வணிக ரீதியான நாடகத் துறையாக இது எவ்வாறு பரிணமித்துள்ளது என்பதை இந்த அறிக்கை விளக்குகிறது. மேலும், யாத்ரா நாடகத்தின் தொழில்நுட்பக் கூறுகள், மேடை அமைப்பு, இசைக்கருவிகள், மற்றும் 'பிபெக்' (Bibek) எனப்படும் மனசாட்சி பாத்திரத்தின் தத்துவார்த்த முக்கியத்துவம் ஆகியவற்றைச் சமூகவியல் கண்ணோட்டத்தில் இந்த ஆய்வு அணுகுகிறது. 2024-2025 ஆம் நிதியாண்டின் தற்போதைய தரவுகள் மற்றும் தொழில்முறை குழுக்களின் பொருளாதார நிலை ஆகியவையும் இதில் உள்ளடக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன.
Pages: 560-567Views: 0 Downloads: 0பாட்டும் தொகையும் கூறும் தொன்மச் செய்திகள்: சங்க இலக்கியங்களின் வரலாற்று மற்றும் பண்பாட்டுப் பரிமாணங்கள் Mythological Accounts in Pathu and Thogai: Historical and Cultural Dimensions of Sangam Literatur
D. Sumathi Ph.D., Research Scholar of Tamil, Reg.No: PUAJ230360827, Kandaswami Kandar’s College, Namakkal, Affiliated to Periyar University, Tamil Nadu, India India , Dr. R. Vimalraj Associate Professor of Tamil, Kandaswami Kandar’s College, Namakkal, Affiliated to Periyar University, Tamil Nadu, India. IndiaThe Eight Anthologies (Ettuthogai) and the Ten Idylls (Pathuppattu), collectively known as Sangam literature, serve as historical mirrors reflecting the lifestyle, politics, culture, and worship methods of ancient Tamils. Within these works, a "myth" (thonmam) is not merely a fictional story; it is a medium that transmits historical remnants and values embedded in a society's collective unconscious. This article extensively examines the mythological accounts related to Thirumal, Murugan, Lord Shiva, Indra, Rama, and the Mahabharata embedded in Sangam literature. The study spans from Tolkappiyar's definition of "Thonmai" (antiquity)—which he describes as narratives combined with ancient prose—to the mythological theories of modern psychologists like Carl Jung. Specifically, it analyzes how accounts found in Sanskrit Puranas were internalized within the Sangam Tamil context and transformed according to the Thinaic (landscape-based) theory of the Tamil land. The primary objective of this article is to reveal the worship methods and social changes of ancient Tamil Nadu through the subtle nuances found in Sangam literary verses.
Pages: 568-575Views: 0 Downloads: 0சங்க இலக்கிய ஆற்றுப்படை நூல்களில் பாணர்களின் பயணமும் அலைகுடி வாழ்வியலும் The Journey and Nomadic Lifestyle of Panars in Sangam Attrupadai Works
M. Gomathi Ph.D., Research Scholar of Tamil, Reg.No: PUAJ230360826, Kandaswami Kandar’s College, Namakkal, Affiliated to Periyar University, Tamil Nadu, India. India , Dr. C. Subramaniam Associate Professor of Tamil, Kandaswami Kandar’s College, Namakkal, Affiliated to Periyar University, Tamil Nadu, India. IndiaSangam literature serves as the primary evidentiary source for understanding the art, culture, and socio-economic framework of ancient Tamil society. In particular, the Attrupadai works within the Pathupattu (Ten Idylls) collection meticulously record the lifestyles of the Panars, Viraliars, Koothars, and Porunars, who relied entirely on their artistic professions for their livelihood. This study focuses on the arduous journeys these artists undertook to alleviate poverty and express their artistic prowess. These journeys, referred to as Selavu in Sangam literature, possess all the qualifications of modern travel literature. This article examines in detail the nomadic lifestyle of these artists, the sophisticated musical instruments they employed, and the natural disasters, wild animals, and threats from bandits they encountered on their travel routes. Furthermore, the charitable nature of the Kadeyezhu Vallalgal (the seven great patrons) and various minor chieftains, along with the ways they protected these artists, is analyzed from a socio-economic perspective. This research establishes that these artists were not merely recipients of gifts but acted as vital media carrying news and artistic traditions from one landscape to another.
Pages: 576-584Views: 0 Downloads: 0திருக்குறள் மற்றும் நாலடியாரில் உடல் மொழி வெளிப்பாடுகள்: பரதநாட்டிய அபிநயக் கோட்பாடுகளுடன் ஓர் ஆழமான அழகியல் மற்றும் உளவியல் ஒப்பீட்டு ஆய்வு Body Language Expressions in Thirukkural and Naaladiyar: An In-depth Aesthetic and Psychological Comparative Study with Bharatanatyam Abhinaya Principles
Dr. Thushyanthy Juliyan Jeyapragash Senior Lecturer in Bharathanatyam, Department of Dance, Drama & Theater, Swami Vipulananda Institute of Aesthetic Studies, Eastern University, Sri Lanka Sri LankaThe Tamil literary tradition is a sophisticated intellectual landscape encompassing the four fundamental values of human life: Aram (Virtue), Porul (Wealth), Inbam (Love), and Veedu (Liberation). The didactic texts Thirukkural and Naaladiyar, which emerged from this tradition, possess the unique power to express profound human experiences through minimal words. In these works, human emotional states, psychological shifts, and moral attributes are often conveyed through subtle cues of body language rather than direct descriptions.
This method of communication—expressing internal human emotions through facial expressions, eye movements, physical gestures, and postures—is known as 'Abhinaya' in the Indian artistic tradition. Specifically, the principles of Angika (physical) and Sattvika (emotional) Abhinaya, as elucidated in Nandikeshwara’s Abhinaya Darpana and Bharata Muni’s Natya Shastra, bear a close resemblance to the corporeal imagery embedded within Tamil didactic literature.
This study identifies references to body language in Thirukkural and Naaladiyar and analyzes them extensively in the light of Bharatanatyam Abhinaya principles. While Thirukkural celebrates social relationships and love through body language, Naaladiyar utilizes it as a tool to emphasize the impermanence of the body and renunciation. The primary objective of this research is to establish how these two approaches align with the Rasa theories of Bharatanatyam and the Meyppaattiyal (theory of physical manifestations) of Tholkappiyam. Through this, it is clarified that Tamil literature and the art of dance operate on the same aesthetic foundation.
தமிழ் இலக்கிய மரபு என்பது மானுட வாழ்வின் அறம், பொருள், இன்பம் மற்றும் வீடு ஆகிய நான்கு அடிப்படை விழுமியங்களை உள்ளடக்கிய ஒரு செம்மையான சிந்தனைத் தளமாகும். இம்மரபில் தோன்றிய திருக்குறள் மற்றும் நாலடியார் ஆகிய நீதிநூல்கள், மிகக் குறைந்த சொற்களில் ஆழமான மனித அனுபவங்களை வெளிப்படுத்தும் தனித்துவமான ஆற்றலைக் கொண்டுள்ளன. இந்நூல்களில் மனித மனநிலைகள், உளவியல் மாற்றங்கள் மற்றும் ஒழுக்கப் பண்புகள் ஆகியவை நேரடியான விவரிப்புகளின்றி, மறைமுகமான உடல் மொழி (Body Language) சுட்டுரைகள் வழியாகவே பெரும்பாலும் வெளிப்படுத்தப்படுகின்றன. மனிதனின் உள்ளார்ந்த உணர்வுகளை முகபாவனை, கண் இயக்கம், உடல் அசைவுகள் மற்றும் நிலைப்பாடு ஆகியவற்றின் மூலம் வெளிப்படுத்தும் இந்தத் தொடர்பாடல் முறை, இந்தியக் கலை மரபில் 'அபிநயம்' என்று அழைக்கப்படுகிறது. குறிப்பாக, நந்திகேஸ்வரரின் அபிநய தர்ப்பணம் மற்றும் பரதமுனியின் நாட்டிய சாஸ்திரம் ஆகிய நூல்கள் விளக்கும் ஆங்கிக மற்றும் சாத்விக அபிநயக் கோட்பாடுகள், தமிழ் நீதிநூல்களில் பொதிந்துள்ள உடல் மொழிச் சித்திரங்களுடன் நெருங்கிய தொடர்புடையவை. இவ்வாய்வு, திருக்குறள் மற்றும் நாலடியாரில் பயின்று வரும் உடல் மொழி சார்ந்த குறிப்புகளை அடையாளம் கண்டு, அவற்றை பரதநாட்டிய அபிநயக் கோட்பாடுகளின் ஒளியில் விரிவாக ஆராய்கிறது. திருக்குறள் சமூக உறவுகளையும் காதலையும் உடல் மொழி வழியாகக் கொண்டாடும் வேளையில், நாலடியார் உடல் நிலையாமையையும் துறவையும் வலியுறுத்த உடல் மொழியை ஒரு கருவியாகப் பயன்படுத்துகிறது. இவ்விரு அணுகுமுறைகளும் எவ்வாறு பரதநாட்டியத்தின் ரசக் கோட்பாடுகளுடனும், தொல்காப்பிய மெய்ப்பாட்டியலுடனும் இணைந்து இயங்குகின்றன என்பதை நிறுவுவதே இவ்வாய்வின் முதன்மை நோக்கமாகும். இதன் மூலம், தமிழ் இலக்கியமும் நாட்டியக் கலையும் ஒரே அழகியல் அடித்தளத்தில் இயங்குகின்றன என்பது தெளிவுபடுத்தப்படுகிறது.
Pages: 585-594Views: 0 Downloads: 0பட்டினப்பாலையில் வளர்ப்பு உயிரினங்கள்: சமூகப் பொருளாதார மற்றும் சூழலியல் நோக்கு Domesticated Animals in Pattinappalai: Socio-Economic and Ecological Perspectives
Mr.V. Mgramachandiran Ph.D. Research Scholar (Full Time), (Reg.No :204PHD23F268TAM), PG & Research Department of Tamil, Kalaignar Karunanidhi Government Arts College, Tiruvannamalai - 606 603. Affiliated to Thiruvalluvar University, Serkkadu, Vellore – 632115. India , Dr. S.Vaitheeswaran Research Guide & Supervisor, Associate Professor, PG & Research Department of Tamil, Kalaignar Karunanidhi Government Arts College, Tiruvannamalai - 606 603 IndiaSangam literature serves as a temporal mirror, accurately capturing the lifestyle of ancient Tamils. Among them, Pattinappalai—one of the Pathuppattu (Ten Idyls) anthologies—extensively explains the commercial excellence of the Chola port city, Kaveripoompattinam, and the socio-economic conditions of its inhabitants. This article examines the domesticated animals mentioned in Pattinappalai, their utility, and the bond between humans and these creatures through ecological and historical lenses. Specifically, it provides a detailed analysis of the water resources of the Kaveri River, the fertility of the Marutham (agricultural) landscape, and reports regarding animals reared in those lands, such as buffaloes, cows, dogs, chickens, and goats. Furthermore, by comparing these findings with recent archaeological results from Keezhadi, this paper logically presents the livestock rearing practices of Sangam-era Tamils and the methods by which horses were imported for commercial purposes. This study reveals how animals were not merely treated as necessities in Tamil society but were revered based on ethics (Aram), highlighting ancient thoughts on their conservation.
சங்க இலக்கியங்கள் பண்டையத் தமிழர்களின் வாழ்வியலைத் துல்லியமாகப் படம்பிடித்துக் காட்டும் காலக்கண்ணாடிகளாகத் திகழ்கின்றன. அவற்றுள் பத்துப்பாட்டு நூல்களுள் ஒன்றான பட்டினப்பாலை, சோழ நாட்டின் துறைமுக நகரமான காவிரிப்பூம்பட்டினத்தின் வணிகச் சிறப்பையும், அங்கு வாழ்ந்த மக்களின் சமூகப் பொருளாதார நிலைகளையும் விரிவாக விளக்குகின்றது. இக்கட்டுரை, பட்டினப்பாலையில் குறிப்பிடப்பட்டுள்ள வளர்ப்பு உயிரினங்கள், அவற்றின் பயன்பாடு மற்றும் மனிதர்களுக்கும் அவ்வுயிரினங்களுக்கும் இடையிலான பிணைப்பைச் சூழலியல் மற்றும் வரலாற்று நோக்கில் ஆராய்கிறது. குறிப்பாக, காவிரி ஆற்றின் நீர் வளம், மருத நிலத்தின் செழுமை மற்றும் அந்நிலங்களில் வளர்க்கப்பட்ட எருமை, பசு, நாய், கோழி, ஆடு போன்ற உயிரினங்களைப் பற்றிய செய்திகள் இங்கு விரிவாகப் பகுப்பாய்வு செய்யப்படுகின்றன. மேலும், அண்மையக் காலக் கீழடி அகழாய்வு முடிவுகளுடன் ஒப்பிட்டு, சங்க காலத் தமிழர்களின் கால்நடை வளர்ப்பு முறைமைகளும், வணிக ரீதியாகக் குதிரைகள் இறக்குமதி செய்யப்பட்ட விதமும் இக்கட்டுரையில் தர்க்கரீதியாக முன்வைக்கப்படுகின்றன. தமிழ்ச் சமூகத்தில் உயிரினங்கள் வெறும் தேவைகளுக்காக மட்டுமன்றி, அறம் சார்ந்து எவ்வாறு போற்றப்பட்டன என்பதையும், அவற்றின் பாதுகாப்பு குறித்த பண்டையச் சிந்தனைகளையும் இந்த ஆய்வு வெளிப்படுத்துகிறது.
Pages: 595-603Views: 0 Downloads: 0சங்க இலக்கியங்களில் தொல்காப்பிய மரபியல் சுட்டும் உயிர்ப் பாகுபாட்டு உயிரினங்கள் Distinctions of Sense Organisms Referred to in Tolkappiyam’s Genetics in Sangam Literature
Dr.K.Sankara Narayanan Assistant Professor& Head (i/c), Sangappalagai for Tamil Development, University of Madras, Chennai – 600 005. IndiaTolkāppiyam, regarded as the foundational text of the Tamil grammatical tradition, stands as a primary source that reflects the scientific, cultural, and philosophical thought of the Sangam-age Tamils. The Porulatikāram of the Tolkāppiyam offers a nuanced classification of living beings by focusing on their nature, functions, and levels of cognition. This study examines how the classifications of living beings identified by Tolkāppiyar are reflected in various forms within Sangam literature.
Tolkāppiyar classifies living beings according to levels of knowledge, ranging from one-sense to six-sense organisms. Plants, reptiles, birds, animals, and human beings are indicated as functioning in accordance with these cognitive levels. Such classifications of life are closely integrated with human life in Sangam literature through descriptions of nature, as well as in akam (interior) and puram (exterior) poems.
In Sangam works such as Akanāṉūṟu, Kuṟuntokai, and Puṟanāṉūṟu, the activities of living beings are often explained through comparisons with human emotions. This reveals that the classifications of living beings proposed by Tolkāppiyar are not merely grammatical constructs, but also form the foundation of the socio-cultural and philosophical thought of Sangam society.
This study explores how these classifications of living beings are represented in Sangam literature and how, through them, the Tamils’ understanding of nature, biology, and philosophy evolved. Through this analysis, the significance of Tolkāppiyam’s biological thought within the Sangam literary tradition is re-evaluated.
Pages: 604-613Views: 0 Downloads: 0சங்க காலத் தமிழ்ச் சமூகத்தில் வாய்மொழி மரபும் எழுத்து மரபும் Oral and Written Traditions in Sangam Tamil Society
P. Shanmugavadivel Ph.D Research Scholar, Sangappalagai For Tamil Development, University of Madras, Chennai-600005 India , Dr.K.Sankara Narayanan Assistant Professor& Head (i/c), Sangappalagai for Tamil Development, University of Madras, Chennai – 600 005 IndiaWhen investigating the establishment of knowledge structures, cultural values, and social organization within Sangam Tamil society, the nexus between oral and written traditions emerges as a pivotal factor. The nascent intellectual apparatus of Tamil society was predominantly oral-centric; collective social memories, historiographic events, and ethico-social norms were disseminated across generations through performative poetry and oral narratives. Over time, the subsequent emergence of writing—specifically the Tamili or Tamil-Brahmi script—facilitated by burgeoning mercantile networks and socio-political shifts, provided a mechanism to codify and institutionalize this oral knowledge as verifiable historical records. Utilizing the conceptual frameworks of K. Kailasapathy’s 'Oral-Formulaic Theory' and Walter Ong’s 'Psychodynamics of Orality,' this research explores the oral-derived characteristics of Sangam prosody and synthesizes these findings with archaeological data from sites like Keeladi and Kodumanal, which attest to widespread literacy among the common populace. Ultimately, this study posits that oral and written traditions were not diametrically opposed but rather functioned as a collaborative continuum, ensuring the enduring preservation and transmission of Sangam literature.
Pages: 614-624Views: 0 Downloads: 0தமிழ் இலக்கியங்களில் காவல் தெய்வங்கள்: ஒரு வரலாற்று மற்றும் பண்பாட்டு ஆய்வு Guardian Deities in Tamil Literature: A Historical and Cultural Study
R. Sivalingam Ph.D Research Scholar, Sangappalagai For Tamil Development, University of Madras, Chennai-600005 India , Dr. K. Sankara Narayanan Assistant Professor& Head (i/c), Sangappalagai for Tamil Development, University of Madras, Chennai – 600 005 IndiaIt is a consensus among researchers that folklore has served as a vital foundation for the emergence and development of classical literature throughout the long cultural history of Tamil Nadu. Within this ancient tradition, "Guardian Deity Worship" refers to the ritual systems created by the people to protect their habitats, boundaries, and agricultural lands. This study explores in detail how these guardian deities have been recorded from the Sangam era to contemporary literature. Using archaeological and literary evidence, it explains how hero-stone (Nadukkal) worship, which originated as a symbol of valor in the Sangam period, evolved into idol worship and minor deity traditions in later periods. Specifically, this research paper provides a deep analysis of the characteristics and worship methods of deities such as Madhuramadevi in Silapathikaram, Ilangaimadevi in Kamba Ramayanam, and Kollipavai and Kotravai as mentioned in Sangam literature. Furthermore, it elaborates on the causal relationships between guardian deity worship and social structures, alongside the sociological background of how victims of injustice were transformed into deities.
Pages: 625-634Views: 0 Downloads: 0பத்துப்பாட்டு இலக்கியம் மரபுசார் நிலையில் ஓர் மீள்பார்வை An Overview of the Traditional Status of Paththuppattu Literature
Dr. G. VIJAYARAGAVAN Sona College of Arts and Science IndiaThe Pattuppāṭṭu (Ten Idylls) and Eṭṭuttokai (Eight Anthologies) stand as the earliest examples of Tamil literature, serving as an enduring bridge that allows the 21st-century generation to comprehend the lifestyle of ancient Tamils. These distinct literary forms constitute the corpus of Sangam literature, which is classified into two main divisions and conceptually centered around the themes of Akam (interior/love) and Puram (exterior/war and public life). While Sangam literature is currently being read and interpreted through various approaches, Pattuppāṭṭu specifically is understood through the lens of Akam and Puram, the unique Āṟṟuppaṭai (guide) genre, and chronological research. Although many scholars have previously analyzed Pattuppāṭṭu from a traditional standpoint, continued re-examination is necessary to align with chronological methodologies and the evolving context of human life. Therefore, this study is significant as it undertakes a re-analysis of Pattuppāṭṭu literature from a traditional perspective.
Pages: 635-644Views: 0 Downloads: 0திருக்குறளில் நிர்வாகவியல் Administration in Thirukkural
Dr. R. Vishnupriya Assistant Professor in.Tamil, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College, Pollachi,Coimbatore District. IndiaSangam literary texts are understood as literature that appeared two thousand years ago. After that, there are eighteen books of legal literature. Thirukkural is one of these antiquarian texts. This book is composed by Thiruvalluvar. Tirukkural is a book that has seen a boom not only in a country but also in the world. It is considered to be a land that produces the fountain of knowledge that transcends caste, religion, race and language in the minds of people. There is no substance that is not in it, even if it is divided into three parts: virtue, materiality and pleasure. All the elements required for human life are included in it. There are hardly any people in Tamil Nadu who do not know about this book. In such a special Thirukkural, there are many messages about the administrative methods that are needed and used in today's society. Management is multi-dimensional and evolving. Management related courses and management related competitive exams are developing day by day. People who study management get higher positions in work and live. When management is established in the family, the income and expenses are evaluated and the way is made for the progress of life. This article suggests that various methods such as planning, building policies, setting goals, evaluating, making decisions, being punctual, perseverance, moderation, speaking sweetly, and noting are included in Thirukkural as a basis for such management.
Pages: 645-656Views: 0 Downloads: 0கன்னட மொழி மற்றும் இலக்கியத்தின் வரலாற்றுப் பரிணாமம்: ஒரு விரிவான ஆய்வறிக்கை Historical Evolution of Kannada Language and Literature: A Comprehensive Research Report
Dr. Kamaraj S Junior Resource Person, LDCIL, Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore. Karnataka, India IndiaThis research report provides a detailed analysis of the origin, linguistic structure, and two-millennium-long literary evolution of the Kannada language. As one of the "Pancha Dravida" languages of Southern India, Kannada's divergence from Proto-Dravidian is examined through linguistic evidence and epigraphic data. The report categorizes the historical stages of the language into Old (Halegannada), Middle (Nadugannada), and Modern (Hosagannada) periods. Key literary milestones, ranging from the 9th-century Kavirajamarga and the 12th-century Vachana revolution to contemporary movements such as Bandaya and Stree Sahitya, are discussed. Furthermore, the global recognition of Kannada literature, highlighted by its eight Jnanpith Awards and the historic 2025 International Booker Prize win by Banu Mushtaq, underscores its enduring cultural and intellectual vitality.
இந்த ஆய்வறிக்கையானது கன்னட மொழியின் தோற்றம், அதன் மொழியியல் கட்டமைப்பு மற்றும் இரண்டாயிரம் ஆண்டுகால இலக்கிய வளர்ச்சியை விரிவாக ஆராய்கிறது. தென்னிந்தியாவின் "பஞ்ச திராவிட" மொழிகளில் ஒன்றாகத் திகழும் கன்னடம், மூலத் திராவிட மொழியிலிருந்து (Proto-Dravidian) எவ்வாறு ஒரு தனித்துவமான மொழியாகப் பரிணமித்தது என்பதை மொழியியல் சான்றுகள் மற்றும் கல்வெட்டுத் தரவுகளின் அடிப்படையில் இக்கட்டுரை விளக்குகிறது. பூர்வ ஹளெகன்னடம், நடுகன்னடம் மற்றும் ஹொசகன்னடம் ஆகிய மூன்று முக்கிய வரலாற்று நிலைகளைத் தாண்டி, இம்மொழி பெற்றுள்ள செம்மொழித் தகுதி மற்றும் அதன் இலக்கியச் செழுமை ஆகியவை இங்கு விரிவாக விவாதிக்கப்படுகின்றன. குறிப்பாக, கி.பி. 9-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் 'கவிராஜமார்க்கம்' முதல், 12-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டின் 'வசன இலக்கிய' புரட்சி வழியாக, நவீன காலத்தின் 'பண்டாய' மற்றும் 'ஸ்த்ரீ சாஹித்யம்' வரையிலான இலக்கிய இயக்கங்கள் பகுப்பாய்வு செய்யப்படுகின்றன. மேலும், கன்னட இலக்கிய உலகம் ஈட்டியுள்ள எட்டு ஞானபீட விருதுகள் மற்றும் 2025-ஆம் ஆண்டில் பானு முஷ்டாக் பெற்ற சர்வதேச புக்கர் பரிசு போன்ற உலகளாவிய அங்கீகாரங்கள், இம்மொழியின் சமகால வலிமையை பறைசாற்றுகின்றன. ஒரு தொழில்முறை ஆய்வு என்ற வகையில், இக்கட்டுரை கன்னட இலக்கியத்தின் சமூக, அரசியல் மற்றும் பண்பாட்டுத் தாக்கங்களை வரலாற்று ரீதியாக ஒருங்கினைக்கிறது.
Pages: 657-666Views: 0 Downloads: 0நாமக்கல் மாவட்ட தெருக்கூத்து மரபில் கட்டியக்காரன் பாத்திரம்: ஒரு சமூக-பண்பாட்டு மற்றும் இனவரைவியல் ஆய்வு The Role of the Kattiyakkaran in the Street Theatre (Therukoothu) Tradition of Namakkal District: A Socio-Cultural and Ethnographic Study
K. Thangavel Part-time Ph.D. Research Scholar, Thiruvalluvar Government Arts College, Rasipuram, Namakkal District. India , Dr. K. Selvaraj Research Guide, Associate Professor, Department of Tamil Studies, Thiruvalluvar Government Arts College, Rasipuram, Namakkal District. IndiaTherukoothu, one of the ancient art forms of Tamil Nadu, serves not only as a tool for entertainment but also as a powerful medium for transmitting social values and as a ritual of worship. Particularly in the districts of Namakkal and Salem, which represent the heart of the Kongu region, the Therukoothu tradition is distinguished by its local dialect, intense rhythmic beats, and ritualistic precision. This article comprehensively examines the multifaceted nature of the 'Kattiyakkaran' character within the Namakkal district Therukoothu tradition. The Kattiyakkaran is not merely a common comic character; he acts as the orchestrator (Sutradhara), stage coordinator, translator, and social critic. Through the narratives of the Mahabharata, this article analyzes the origin, makeup, and symbolism of this character, as well as the concepts of social justice transmitted through him. Furthermore, this research expands upon the historical background of the Kongu country, its agriculture-based clan deity worship systems, and the evolutionary development of Therukoothu in response to modern changes.
Pages: 667-674Views: 0 Downloads: 0பின் நவீன பாணியில் பிரேம், ரமேஷ் சிறுகதைகள் Postmodern Trends in the Short Stories of Prem-Ramesh
H. Akbar Registration No: 2020PHDPTTM01 Ph.D. Research Scholar (Part-Time), Department of Tamil Language and Translation Studies, Dravidian University, Srinivasavanam, Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh – 517425. India , Prof. Dr. T. Vishnukumaran Research Supervisor, Department of Tamil Language and Translation Studies, Dravidian University, Srinivasavanam, Kuppam, Andhra Pradesh – 517425. IndiaThis research, titled "Postmodern Trends in the Short Stories of Prem-Ramesh," is undertaken to analyze the postmodern characteristics of the narrative techniques developed by the duo Prem-Ramesh within the landscape of contemporary Tamil short stories. While traditional Tamil fiction often adheres to mimetic realism and chronological progression, the works of Prem-Ramesh signify a radical departure, challenging the foundational certainties of the "grand narrative. "The primary objective of this study is to examine how their stories dismantle conventional storytelling to reflect the fragmented nature of modern existence. Specifically, the research explains how technical elements—such as deconstruction, non-linear storytelling, linguistic self-consciousness (metafiction), polyphony (multiple voices), and the blurring of boundaries between the text and the real world—function as essential markers of postmodern literature. Through an ethnographic and semiotic analytical framework, this study explores how Prem-Ramesh utilizes "intertextuality" and "ontological instability" to invite the reader into a participatory role, where the meaning of the text is no longer fixed by the author. By mapping these shifts, the research highlights the duo's contribution to the evolution of the Tamil short story genre, positioning their work as a vital bridge between classical literary traditions and the complexities of global postmodernity. Ultimately, this study asserts that the "Prem-Ramesh style" serves as a critique of power structures and a celebration of the "plurality of truth" in the 21st-century Tamil literary consciousness.
Pages: 675-683Views: 0 Downloads: 0கம்பராமாயணத்தில் உவமை நயத்தின் அறம்: தனிமனித, குடும்ப, அரசியல் மற்றும் ஆன்மீக விழுமியங்களின் மீதான ஓர் இலக்கிய மற்றும் மேலாண்மை ஆய்வு The Ethics of Simile in Kambaramayanam: A Literary and Managerial Study of Individual, Family, Political, and Spiritual Values
Dr. M. Gayathri Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil Literature, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College, Pollachi - 642001. IndiaKambaramayanam, composed by the Emperor of Poets (Kavi Chakravarthy) Kambar, stands not only as a monumental epic in the landscape of Tamil literature but also as a guide for living and a repository of management philosophies. This research paper, titled "The Ethics of Simile in Kambaramayanam," provides a comprehensive analysis of how the similes employed by Kambar function as ethical instruments to regulate society. Against the backdrop of Tolkappiyar's theories on similes (Uvamaiyiyal), this study explains how Kambar’s poetic genius establishes virtue (Aram) across four dimensions: Action (Vinai), Result (Payan), Form (Mei), and Nature/Color (Uru). The study is structured upon four primary pillars: individual discipline, the excellence of family relationships, political management, and spiritual pursuit. Specifically, Kambar emphasizes philanthropy through the river-water simile, domestic love through the body-and-soul simile, and political stability through the simile of a day without the sun. Furthermore, Kambar’s political ethics are compared with modern management theories such as Participatory Leadership and decision-making skills. This research also highlights environmental ethics through the scientific similes found in the Maricha Vadhai (Slaying of Maricha) chapter and war ethics through the Yuddha Kandam (War Canto). Although this grand epic of 12,000 verses emerged from a 12th-century social context, the primary objective of this study is to appreciate how its ethical values offer solutions to the global challenges of the 21st century..
Pages: 684-693Views: 0 Downloads: 0முல்லைப்பாட்டு, குறிஞ்சிப்பாட்டு - தலைவன் பாத்திர வார்ப்பு Characterization of the Hero in Mullaippaattu and Kurinchippaattu
K. Priya Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Languages - Tamil Division, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore-21. India , Dr. R. Madhankumar Research Guide, Associate Professor and Coordinator, Department of Languages - Tamil Division, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore-21. IndiaThe relationship between literary characters and the narrative is considered vital. Every action and spoken word of a character carries weight. In Mullaippaattu and Kurinchippaattu, the character of the 'Hero' is excellently designed. Both works offer ample scope to independently analyze the Hero's nature, including his introduction, speech, physical descriptions, and deeds.
By internalizing the traditions of Akathinai (the interior landscape of love), the Hero and Heroine are integrated through specific events. Characters construct the sequence of these events; narratives are built by giving the characters a voice and organized through their actions. This article seeks to examine the specific character molds and traits of the Hero as depicted in Mullaippaattu and Kurinchippaattu.
இலக்கியங்களில் இடம்பெரும் கதாப்பாத்திரங்கள் கதையுடன் கொள்ளும் உறவு மிகவும் முக்கியமானதாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது. பாத்திரங்களின் அனைத்துச் செயல்களும் பேச்சும்கூட முக்கியத்துவம் உடையதாகக் கருதப்படுகிறது. முல்லைப்பாட்டு, குறிஞ்சிப்பாட்டில் இடம்பெற்றுள்ள 'தலைவன்' பாத்திரம் சிறந்த முறையில் வடிவமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. தலைவனின் இயல்புகளைத் தனித்து ஆராய்வதற்கான வழிவகைகள் இவ்விரு நூல்களிலும் அதிகம் காணப்படுகின்றன. தலைவனின் அறிமுகம், பேச்சு, உடல் சார்ந்த சித்திரிப்புகள், செயல்கள் போன்றவற்றை விரிவாக ஆராயலாம். தலைவன் தலைவி என்று அகத்திணையின் மரபுகளை உள்வாங்கிக் கொண்டு நிகழ்ச்சிகளால் ஒருங்கிணைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளது. நிகழ்ச்சியின் கோர்வையைப் பாத்திரங்கள் கட்டமைக்கின்றன. பாத்திரங்களைப் பேசவைப்பதன் வழியாக நிகழ்ச்சிகள் அமைக்கப்பட்டுள்ளன. பாத்திரங்களின்செயல்கள் மூலமாகவும் நிகழ்ச்சிகள் ஒழுங்குப்படுத்தப்பட்டுள்ளன. முல்லைப்பாட்டு மற்றும் குறிஞ்சிப்பாட்டில் இடம்பெற்றுள்ள தலைவனின் பாத்திர வார்ப்புகளை இக்கட்டுரை ஆராய முற்படுகிறது.
Pages: 694-706Views: 0 Downloads: 0நெய்தல் நில மக்களின் வாழ்வியல் விழுமியங்கள் Lifestyle Values of the People of Neithal Land
Dr A. Packialakshmi Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil, Arignar Anna college, Aralvaimoli IndiaSangam literature serves as a realistic record of the lifestyle of ancient Tamils. These works are categorized into Akam (interior/love) and Puram (exterior/valor), prioritizing the love between men and women as well as the personal excellence and personality traits of individuals. Furthermore, Sangam literature classifies the land into four distinct regions based on the environment, soil, and way of life: Kurinji (mountains), Mullai (forests), Marutham (farmlands), and Neithal (seashore).
Each Thinai (landscape) was structured with its own specific lifestyle and cultural framework. Among these, Neithal documents the lives lived along the coastal regions. This landscape also served as the gateway for maritime trade and commerce. The primary objective of this research paper is to highlight and explore the lifestyle values of the people who inhabited this land.
Pages: 707-715Views: 0 Downloads: 0தமிழக ரோமானிய வணிக உறவு: இலக்கிய உறவைக் கண்டறிவதற்கான ஒரு முன்னீடு The Tamil–Roman Trade Connection as a Pretext for Exploring Literary Relations
Ajaisundar E S Ph.D Scholar, Special Centre for Tamil Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University(JNU), New Delhi. IndiaThe trade relationship between Tamil Nadu and Rome dates back to antiquity and involved the exchange of goods such as pepper, pearls, gold, wine, and aromatic substances. Archaeological findings, including coins and pottery discovered in both regions, along with references in foreign travel accounts, attest to the extent of this commercial interaction. Tamil and Latin literary sources further reflect awareness of these exchanges. While economic exchange forms the basis of Tamil–Roman contact, trade relations often extend beyond commerce and foster cultural interaction. Literary references to foreign peoples and distant lands in both Tamil and Latin texts suggest a broader cultural engagement shaped by sustained contact. This article examines archaeological, historical, and literary evidence to explore the possibility that commercial exchange between Tamil Nadu and Rome also contributed to cultural and literary connections.
Pages: 716-723Views: 0 Downloads: 0நாட்டியத்தில் கணிதம்: தாளக்கட்டுகள் மற்றும் ஜதிகளில் பொதிந்துள்ள கணித நுணுக்கங்கள் பற்றிய ஆய்வு Mathematics in Dance: An Analytical Study of Mathematical Nuances Embedded in Thala Structures and Jathis
Dr. Thushyanthy Juliyan Jeyapragash Senior Lecturer in Bharathanatyam, Department of Dance, Drama & Theater, Swami Vipulananda Institute of Aesthetic Studies, Eastern University, Sri Lanka. Sri LankaThis research delves into the profound intersection between the Indian classical dance form, Bharatanatyam, and mathematical principles. While dance is often perceived purely as an aesthetic expression, its structural foundation—Thala (rhythm) and Laya (tempo)—is built upon rigorous mathematical precision. This study specifically explores the roles of Arithmetic, Permutations and Combinations, and Geometry in the formulation of 'Thala structures' and 'Jathis'. The research explains how the fundamental units of movement are divided based on time measures and analyzes the numerical transformations involved in creating different 'Gatis' (rhythms) such as Chathusram, Thisram, and Misram. The composition of Jathis is logically analyzed to show how a specific number of 'Matras' (beats) can be achieved through various mathematical combinations. For instance, the 'Thirikalam' (three speeds) used in Teermanams strictly adheres to the rules of multiplication and division. Furthermore, the study touches upon how the angles and postures (such as Aramandi) maintained by a dancer align with Euclidean Geometry. In conclusion, this research establishes that Bharatanatyam is not merely an aesthetic art form but a logical 'dancing mathematics' that translates abstract numbers into visual patterns.
Pages: 724-733Views: 0 Downloads: 0தமிழ் இலக்கியத்திற்குக் கொங்குநாட்டுப் புலவர்களின் பங்களிப்பு Contribution of Kongu Region Poets to Tamil Literature
Dr. S. Selvakumar Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil Literature N.G.M. College, Pollachi IndiaTamil literature possesses a vast and ancient heritage spanning over two thousand five hundred years. From the Sangam era to the contemporary period, poets residing in the Kongu region have contributed significantly to every genre of Tamil literature. This lineage includes both male and female poets who enriched the language through their unique perspectives and scholarly depth. This article identifies these various poets and provides a detailed analysis of their literary works.
தமிழிலக்கியம் இரண்டாயிரத்து ஐந்நூறு ஆண்டுகளுக்கு மேற்பட்ட நீண்ட நெடிய பரப்புடையது. தமிழில் சங்ககாலம் தொடங்கி இக்காலம் வரை தோன்றிய அனைத்து வகையான இலக்கிய வகைகளுக்கும் கொங்குப் பகுதியில் வாழ்ந்த புலவர்கள் பங்களிப்புச் செய்துள்ளனர். அவர்களுள் ஆண்பாற்புலவர்களும் பெண்பாற்புலவர்களும் இடம்பெற்றுள்ளனர். அந்தப்புலவர்கள் யாவர் என்பது குறித்தும் அவர்களின் படைப்புகள் குறித்தும் எடுத்துரைக்கிறது இக்கட்டுரை.
Pages: 734-743Views: 0 Downloads: 0இசைக்கருவிகளின் தொழில்நுட்பம் Technology of Musical Instruments
Dr. A. Sivanarutselvi Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil Literature, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College, Pollachi. IndiaMusic serves as an identity in the development of human sociology and acts as a peaceful calling of the mind. Music is not just an art; it is a marvel created by the collaboration of science, mathematics, and technology. It is a powerful art form that expresses human emotions. Musical instruments and their associated technological advancements play a vital role in this.
Traditionally, musical instruments were made from natural materials and operated through manual craftsmanship. However, technological advancements in instruments have sparked a revolution in the world of music. From the 20th century to the present day, the role of technology has become increasingly significant.
Technology is utilized in every aspect of music production: creation, recording, editing, and distribution. It has made it possible for a single person to play multiple instruments, broadcast live performances, and edit music with ease. Online music publishing has enabled global reach, while tools like Auto-Tune ensure perfect pitch and help create innovative sounds. Artificial Intelligence (AI) tools that automatically generate music have also emerged. Today, electronic instruments serve as software for recording and editing, and as devices that connect professional training tools with computers. In modern music production, composers and producers can create music using software and electronic devices without physically playing traditional instruments. Technologies such as Auto-Tune, sound effects, and sampling enhance the quality of music, while streaming platforms have facilitated global distribution through online music releases.
Pages: 744-749Views: 0 Downloads: 0பாலகுமாரனின் சுகஜீவனம் புதினத்தில் வெளிப்படும் பெண்ணியச் சிந்தனைகள்: ஓர் ஆழமான சமூக-இலக்கியப் பகுப்பாய்வு Feminist Thoughts in Balakumaran's Novel Sukajeevanam: An In-depth Socio-Literary Analysis
Mrs. J. Selvi PhD Research Scholar, Registration No: CRE/TAM23PJULY0173/2023, Bharathiar University, (Post Graduate Extension and Research Centre), Perundurai - Erode India , Dr. R. Mallika Research Guide, Head (In-charge), Assistant Professor of Tamil, Bharathiar University, (Post Graduate Extension and Research Centre), Perundurai - Erode. IndiaIn today's modern literary landscape, feminism is not merely considered a theory but has emerged as a vital tool for reclaiming women's fundamental rights. In the history of Tamil literature, particularly in the realm of modern novels, writer Balakumaran’s contribution is unique. The philosophy put forward by Mahatma Gandhi—that the status of men will rise only when the status of women rises, and only when the status of both rises will the entire human society advance—serves as a primary thread in Balakumaran's works. The novel Sukajeevanam subtly records the complex lives of women in the urban setting of Chennai, specifically within the commercial environment of Sowcarpet. Contrary to common criticisms that feminism is a Western theory encouraging women to break away from the family structure, this novel presents it as a way of life that guides women toward a path of self-respect.
This article analyzes the life struggles of four primary female characters in the novel Sukajeevanam—Sri Ramulu's wife, Gnanambal, Sornam, and Subbulakshmi—from a feminist perspective. It subjects to detailed analysis how the novel handles issues such as women's economic independence, the moral constraints forced by poverty, patriarchal violence, and the freedom they seek to attain through education. Furthermore, it explains how Balakumaran integrates Sangam literary poems and ethical literature into his contemporary narrative to compare the status of women across different eras.
Pages: 750-759Views: 0 Downloads: 0தமிழிலக்கியங்களில் பன்முகப் பார்வை Multifaceted Perspectives in Tamil Literature
Dr. M. Kamaraj Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil Literature, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College (NGM College), Pollachi – 642 001 IndiaIn this vast and expansive world, Tamil literatures hold a position of supreme distinction. They encompass such multifaceted perspectives that it can be said there is no subject matter that does not exist within them. It is an added strength that Tamil literatures serve as the primary foundation and pioneer for global cultural elements. Although numerous perspectives hold a place of pride in our grand literatures, the purpose of this article is to examine them through the lenses of virtue (Aram), philosophy, society, politics, law, education, and economics.
Furthermore, this study seeks to demonstrate how these ancient frameworks are not merely relics of the past but are living doctrines that offer profound solutions to contemporary global challenges. By dissecting the socio-political structures found in works like the Purananuru and the ethical imperatives of the Thirukkural, we uncover a sophisticated blueprint for sustainable governance and social equity. This research will argue that the integration of classical Tamil thought into modern academic and policy-making discourses can provide a more holistic understanding of human progress. Ultimately, this exploration serves as a bridge, connecting the timeless wisdom of the Sangam and Post-Sangam eras to the complexities of our current interconnected world, reaffirming that the roots of global civilization are deeply intertwined with the Tamil literary tradition.
Pages: 760-765Views: 0 Downloads: 0சங்க அக இலக்கியங்களில் விலங்கு, பறவைகளின் உணவு மேலாண்மை Food Management of Animals and Birds in Sangam Akam Literature
Dr. V. Parimalam Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil Literature, N.G.M. College, Pollachi. IndiaSangam literature serves as a vivid portrait of human life lived in perfect harmony with nature, where the boundaries between the domestic and the wild are often blurred by shared ecological realities. In accordance with the ethical principle that "the world begins with food" (Undi Mutatre Ulagu), food remains the fundamental necessity for all living beings, ranging from those with a single sense to those with six. This biological imperative serves as the connective tissue between the human protagonist and the surrounding fauna.
This study analyzes the "Food Management" techniques of animals and birds as described within the Sangam "Akam" (Interior) landscapes. By examining the five distinct eco-zones—Kurinji (mountains), Mullai (forests), Marutham (agricultural lands), Neithal (seashore), and Paalai (wasteland)—we uncover sophisticated poetic observations of foraging, hunting, and communal sharing among wildlife.
Pages: 766-773Views: 0 Downloads: 0சைவசித்தாந்தங்கள் கூறும் ஞானேந்திரியங்கள் The Jnanendriyas (Sense Organs) according to Saiva Siddhanta
N. Saravanan Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil, Science and Humanities, Jeppiaar Engineering College, Semmancheri, Chennai – 119. IndiaGnanendriya is a tool for taking extraterrestrial information into knowledge. Vivekananda says that Gnanendriyas should serve the soul. The real freedom of the soul is to understand the senses. Saivasiddhantas and Thirumpas explain the idea that life can be made better by perfecting the Gnanendriyas for theology without going through the path of the Gnanendriyas. It is the soul that directs the senses. It is the Lord who directs the soul. Therefore, if the senses in ignorance there will be no sweetness in life, and the cycle of birth will continue as sins. Gnanendriyas arise from the sattvic ego. Sattvic egoism causes the mind to be calm and the senses to be directed. Sattvic Ego alone prepares one to surrender the ‘yan’ to the lord. According to Saivite philosophy Gnanendriyas do not arise directly from the body. They arise from Sattvic Ego.
Pages: 774-782Views: 0 Downloads: 0தமிழ்க்கூறும் உலக அமைதி: சங்க இலக்கியங்களில் உலகளாவிய மனிதாபிமானம் மற்றும் பொதுமைப் பண்புகள் குறித்த ஓர் ஆய்வு World Peace as Proclaimed by Tamil: A Study of Universal Humanitarianism and Commonality in Sangam Literature
Dr. V. PONRAJ Assistant Professor in Tamil, Francis Xavier Engineering College, Vannarpettai, Thirunelveli-Dist. 62703, Tamilnadu, India. IndiaLiterature serves not only as a historical record of a society but also as a mirror reflecting its ethical values. Literatures that are celebrated across eras never shrink into narrow circles; instead, they possess universal qualities that embrace the entire world. Tamil Sangam literature—specifically Purananuru—echoes today from the United Nations to various international stages precisely because it possesses such a global philosophical background.
Centering on Kaniyan Pungundranar’s famous line, "To us, all towns are our own, and everyone is our kin," this article extensively explores the ancient Tamils' concept of the "Global Citizen," alongside themes of humanity, equality, and brotherhood. Furthermore, it examines how the humanitarian principles emphasized in Thiruvalluvar’s Thirukkural and Seethalai Sathanar’s Manimekalai serve as a guide for modern world peace. The study also analyzes how these ideas have been championed on the international stage by leaders ranging from former President Abdul Kalam to current global figures.
By integrating the Soft Power of Sangam literature with global diplomacy and ethics-based governance, this research proposes solutions for the creation of an egalitarian society.
Pages: 783-794Views: 0 Downloads: 0வள்ளல் பாரியின் கொடை அறம் The Charitable Virtue of Patron Pari
Dr. M. Nagarajan Assistant Professor, Francis Xavier Engineering College, Vannarpettai, Tirunelveli - 627003, Tamil Nadu, India. IndiaFood, clothing, and shelter are the fundamental needs of a human being. Recognizing these as the primary necessities of life, people throughout history have lived accordingly. Those unable to fulfill these needs sought out kings and individuals known for their charitable virtues (Kodai Aram) to secure their basic livelihood. These patrons gave generously without hesitation to those who approached them. This reflects the noble character of the Tamils, who lived selfless lives without prioritizing personal gain. Understanding that wealth is transient, people integrated the virtue of charity into their daily lives. Based on this principle, people continue to study and practice the life ethics portrayed in the literature created by Tamil poets. Literature reveals that people believed a transient life could be given lasting meaning through virtuous conduct, making charity an inseparable part of their existence.
Kings stood at the forefront of this charitable tradition. Sangam literature highlights their noble nature; they not only provided the necessary resources for a prosperous life to impoverished poets who sought them out but would also personally escort them upon their departure. Furthermore, common people—guided by the advice of Tamil scholars—offered whatever help they could to others. Gratitude was a cornerstone of this society. Forgetting a favor was considered a grave error; people lived without ever forgetting the good deeds done by others during their times of need. The entire land knows of Kabilar, the scholar and close friend of Pari, who lived as a testament to this unyielding gratitude. Just as birds naturally flock to a tree laden with ripe fruit, people sought out kings with great hearts to receive patronage, as evidenced by literary records. Charity was not strictly defined by a single act; rather, helping others to the best of one’s ability is defined as "help" or "gift." In this regard, it is evident that ancient Tamils lived with a spirit of service from the very dawn of their civilization. Through Tamil literature, we see that despite the division of land into five landscapes (Kurinji, Mullai, Marutham, Neithal, and Paalai), the Tamil people remained altruistic, extending their support to those from across all regions.
Pages: 795-807Views: 0 Downloads: 0உணவு ஒழுக்கமும் உண்ணாநோன்பும்: வள்ளலார் மற்றும் வேதாத்திரி மகரிஷி அவர்களின் தத்துவ மற்றும் வாழ்வியல் பார்வைகளின் ஒப்பீட்டு ஆய்வு Food Discipline and Fasting: A Comparative Study of the Philosophical and Lifestyle Perspectives of Vallalar and Vethathiri Maharishi
Dr. S. Maheswari Assistant Professor, Department of Human Excellence, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College, Pollachi. IndiaFood and fasting serve as decisive factors across three dimensions of human existence: physical health, mental discipline, and spiritual excellence. Within the long-standing spiritual and medical traditions of Tamil society, Thiruvarutprakasa Vallalar (19th century) and Philosopher Vethathiri Maharishi (20th century) proposed revolutionary and scientific perspectives on nutrition. Based on the core principle of "Jeevakarunyam" (compassion for all living beings), Vallalar viewed hunger as a dire disease and considered its eradication the first step toward spirituality. He emphasized a vegetarian diet and Sattva Guna (purity/harmony) as the pathway to "Soul-Identity-Unity" (Anma Neya Orumaipadu). Conversely, Vethathiri Maharishi defined food as "fuel for the body-machine" and scientifically explained the consequences of deviations in its quantity and method of consumption. In his Manavalakkalai (Simplified Kundalini Yoga) philosophy, he described fasting as a "maintenance service" for the digestive system, detailing how it helps conserve bio-magnetic energy (Uyir Kantha Attral).
This paper compares the thoughts of these two great sages and integrates them with modern medical concepts such as Autophagy and Intermittent Fasting to propose a holistic lifestyle model. This study explores in detail how their ideas guide modern humanity across four domains: bodily purity, mental control, compassion, and spiritual evolution.
Pages: 808-823Views: 0 Downloads: 0ஆயர்களின் கால்நடை வாழ்க்கையில் கொடாப்பு அமைப்பும் அதன் பண்பாட்டு முக்கியத்துவமும் The Kodappu Structure in the Pastoral Life of the Ayars and Its Cultural Significance
N. Seenivasan Research Scholar, Department of Tamil, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India. India , Prof. S. Ravi Research Guide, Department of Tamil, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu, India. IndiaThis article examines the Kodappu, a traditional structure found in the lives of the Ayar community, as a continuation of the Mullai landscape lifestyle of the Sangam period, where people lived in close harmony with nature. The Ayars, whose primary occupation is cattle rearing, lead a semi-nomadic life and construct the Kodappu as a temporary shelter and as a protective enclosure for their livestock. Built using natural materials such as nochchi sticks, bamboo, palm leaves, and fibers, the structure is created through processes like frame bending, leaf weaving, and rope tying. The circular design, the calculation involved in arranging the poles, and the traditional timing followed in cutting materials reflect the Ayars’ indigenous technological knowledge and experiential skills. Thus, the Kodappu stands not only as a functional structure supporting their livelihood but also as an important cultural symbol representing the continuity of Sangam-age Mullai traditions and traditional craft knowledge.
இயற்கையோடு இயைந்து வாழ்ந்த சங்ககால முல்லை நில மக்களின் வாழ்வியல் மரபின் தொடர்ச்சியாக இன்றும் ஆயர்களின் வாழ்க்கையில் காணப்படும் கொடாப்பு அமைப்பை விளக்குவதே இக்கட்டுரையின் நோக்கமாகும். கால்நடை வளர்ப்பை முதன்மைத் தொழிலாகக் கொண்ட ஆயர்கள் அரைநாடோடி வாழ்க்கை முறையில் இடம்பெயர்ந்து வாழும் சூழலில் தற்காலிக குடியிருப்பாகவும் கால்நடைகளைப் பாதுகாப்பதற்குமான அமைப்பாகவும் கொடாப்பை உருவாக்குகின்றனர். நொச்சி, மூங்கில் போன்ற கம்புகள், பனை ஓலைகள் மற்றும் நார்கள் போன்ற இயற்கை வளங்களைப் பயன்படுத்தி கொடாப்பு வளைதல், ஓலை வேய்தல், கயிறு வரிதல் போன்ற பல கட்டங்களின் மூலம் இக்கட்டமைப்பு உருவாக்கப்படுகிறது. இச்செயல்முறைகளில் காணப்படும் வட்ட வடிவமைப்பு, கம்புகளின் கணக்கீடு, மற்றும் கம்புகள், ஓலைகளை வெட்டுவதில் பின்பற்றப்படும் காலக் கணிப்பு முறைகள் ஆகியவை ஆயர்களின் பாரம்பரிய தொழில்நுட்ப அறிவையும் அனுபவ அறிவையும் வெளிப்படுத்துகின்றன. எனவே கொடாப்பு என்பது ஆயர்களின் வாழ்வாதாரத் தேவையை நிறைவேற்றும் கட்டமைப்பாக மட்டுமல்லாமல், சங்ககால முல்லை நில வாழ்வியலின் தொடர்ச்சியையும் பாரம்பரிய கைவினை அறிவையும் பிரதிபலிக்கும் முக்கியமான கலாச்சாரச் சான்றாகவும் விளங்குகிறது.
Pages: 824-833Views: 0 Downloads: 0தொல்காப்பியத்தில் யாப்பும் மரபுகள் Prosody and Traditions in Tolkappiyam
Dr. S. Xavier Head, Department of Tamil, Loyola College of Arts and Science, Metala, Rasipuram, Namakkal District. IndiaTolkappiyam holds the preeminent position in the tradition of Tamil grammar. This work contains the foundational concepts for prosodical traditions (Yappu Marabu), which explain the structural order, rhythmic harmony, and design of poetic compositions.
Tolkappiyar demonstrates how elements such as the letter (ezhuttu), metrical unit (asai), foot (seer), linkage (thalai), and line (adi) intertwine to create the musicality and literary beauty of Tamil poetry. These traditions served as the bedrock for the development of later prosodical treatises like Yapparungalam and Yapparungalakkarigai. Furthermore, they reflect the practical conventions utilized in Sangam literature, such as Ettuthogai (The Eight Anthologies) and Pattupattu (The Ten Idylls).
Ultimately, the prosodical traditions found in Tolkappiyam stand as a vital foundation that illustrates the antiquity and continuity of Tamil poetic grammar..
Pages: 834-844Views: 0 Downloads: 0மீனவர்களின் வாழ்வியல் சிக்கல்கள் Socio-Life Challenges of Fishermen
Dr. T. RADHIKA LAKSHMI Associate Professor, Department of Tamil, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, India. IndiaHuman life is determined by social conditions. The character of man on society, and the character of society on the individual, are intertwined and change each other. Man needs society to maintain himself and to maintain himself without being destroyed. Thus, the bond between literature and society is stressed when the creator tries to realistically portray the social thoughts surrounding him in his works. Furthermore, it is the duty of a writer to try to solve the social problems faced by humans by revealing the true knowledge about the events taking place in society. This article examines the life problems of fishermen, their knowledge of the sea, the way they are worshipped as a sea god, and the unity of fishermen, etc., as featured in the novels of the writer Su. Tamilchelvi, who has done such a duty well.
Pages: 845-854Views: 0 Downloads: 0சிலப்பதிகாரத்தில் வெளிப்படும் பழந்தமிழர் கடல்வழி வணிகக் கட்டமைப்பு: ஒரு விரிவான வரலாற்று மற்றும் சமூகப் பொருளாதார ஆய்வு Maritime Trade Infrastructure of Ancient Tamils as Revealed in Silappathikaram: A Comprehensive Historical and Socio-Economic Study
S. ILAKKIYAPRIYA Ph.D. Research Scholar, Department of Tamil, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, India India , DR. K. DHANALAKSHMI Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College, Pollachi, Tamil Nadu, India. IndiaThe geographical structure of Tamil Nadu, surrounded by the sea on three sides as a peninsula, naturally ensured that the lifestyle and economy of the ancient Tamils were built around the ocean. Continuing from the Sangam era into the Epic period, Ilango Adigal’s Silappathikaram serves as a historical document recording the maritime trade dominance of the Tamils. This article extensively analyzes the commercial infrastructure of the port cities of Puhar and Musiri as described in Silappathikaram, the shipping technology known as Naavaai, the social status of merchant guilds like Maanaaykan and Maasaaththuvan, and trade relations with foreigners, including the Yavanas (Greeks and Romans). Specifically, it compares the pepper trade with Western nations, the influx of Roman gold into Tamil Nadu, and maritime ties with East Asian islands using literary evidence alongside archaeological findings from Arikamedu, Pattanam, Poompuhar, and the port of Berenike in Egypt. This study establishes how the maritime science of the Tamils, their ability to navigate ships by understanding wind directions, and their management of customs frameworks and warehouses created a flourishing global trade culture.
Pages: 855-866Views: 0 Downloads: 0கவிஞர் வைரமுத்து ‘நீர்’ கவிதையில் சுற்றுச்சூழல் சிந்தனைகள் Poet Vairamuthu: Environmental Thoughts in the Poem 'Neer'
Dr. ESWARAN P Assistant Professor & Head, Department of Tamil, Govt. college for women, Vazhuthacaud, Thiruvananthapuram - 695014. Kerala. India'Water' (Neer) is one of the "Great Poems" (Maha Kavithai) written by the poet Vairamuthu. This is a long-form poem spanning fifty-four pages. Despite its length, the poem maintains a brisk and engaging pace that prevents the reader from feeling weary. In this work, the poet records vital ideas for the current generation through the lens of environmental consciousness. He illustrates how humans pollute essential water sources such as rivers, wells, and ponds—which serve as primary sources of drinking water—within this modern computer age.
Accordingly, this article analyzes the indispensability of water and how the pollution of rivers like the Ganges and Yamuna (famed for their sanctity), as well as wells and ponds, by sewage, industrial waste, chemicals, and dye factory effluents, leads not only to the contamination of drinking water but also to the degradation of the environment..
Pages: 867-880Views: 0 Downloads: 0தமிழ் அற இலக்கியங்களின் பன்முகத்தன்மை மற்றும் வாழ்வியல் விழுமியங்கள்: ஒரு வரலாற்று ரீதியான மற்றும் சமூகவியல் ஆய்வு The Diversity of Tamil Didactic Literature and Life Values: A Historical and Sociological Study
Dr. T. Sellammal Assistant Professor Department of Tamil, Sona College of Arts And Science, Salem-636005.(Affilicated to Periyar University), Tamilnadu India. IndiaThe dawn of life on Earth began with the emergence of the first living organisms, yet it is modern man—positioned at the biological pinnacle—who has sought to analytically decode the essence of existence. This scrutiny led to the categorization of life into three fundamental pillars: Aram (Virtue), Porul (Wealth), and Inbam (Pleasure). Central to this philosophy is the primacy of Aram, reflecting the belief that the true attainment of material well-being and emotional joy is only possible when built upon a foundation of righteousness. Within the Pathinen Kilkanakku, the eighteen didactic masterpieces of the post-Sangam era, eleven specific works serve as profound treatises on moral conduct: the Thirukkural, Naladiyar, Nanmanikkadigai, Inna Narpathu, Iniyavai Narpathu, Thirikadugam, Elathi, Mudumozhikkanchi, Acharakkovai, Pazhamozhi, and Sirupanchamoolam. By drawing upon this rich literary heritage, we can explore the timeless ethical principles that remain essential for navigating a meaningful and principled life.
Pages: 881-891Views: 0 Downloads: 0மணிமேகலையும் பௌத்த அழகியலும் Manimekalai and Buddhist Aesthetics
M. Vignesh Research Scholar, Dept. of Tamil, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur India , Dr. K. Jawahar Research Guide, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Tamil, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur. IndiaIndian philosophical traditions are broadly classified in to two major categories namely Vaidika and Avaidia. Among these, Jainism, Buddhism and Lokayata belong to the Avaidika. Among these, Jainism, Buddhism, and Lokayata belong to the Avaidika tradition, as they denied the authority of Vedas. In Tamil intellectual traditions, diverse philosophical streams have emerged in different historical contexts such as Lokayata, Ajivaka, Jainism, Buddhism, Shaivism and Vaishnavism. Among these varied philosophical streams, Manimekalai occupies a distinctive place as a uniquely Tamil Buddhist philosophical text. It stands both in continuity with earlier aesthetic and ethical evaluations found within the Tamil tradition and deviate from them in several significant ways. In particular, the text Manimekalai, propounds Buddhist aesthetics from a woman-centric perspective. The ethical – aesthetic vision proposed in Manimekalai is shaped by several distinctive principles such as the doctrine of impermanence, the rejection of patriarchal authority, the renunciation of sensual desire, the annihilation of hunger and affirmation of equality among all living beings.
இந்திய மெய்யியல் மரபில் வைதீக, அவைதீக என இருபிரிவுகள் உள்ளன. அவற்றுள் சமணம், பௌத்தம், உலகாயதம் அவைதீக மரபைச் சார்ந்தவை. தமிழ் மெய்யியல் மரபில் உலகாயதம், ஆசீவகம் தொடங்கி சமணம், பௌத்தம் என்றும் சைவம், வைணவம் என்றும் பல்வேறு போக்குகள் வரலாற்றுச் சூழலில் உள்ளன. அவற்றுள் மணிமேகலை தமிழின் தனித்தன்மையான பௌத்த மெய்யியல் பனுவலாக அமைகிறது. அழகியல் குறித்து தமிழ் மரபில் உள்ள முந்தைய மதிப்பீடுகளின் தொடர்ச்சியாகவும் அவற்றிலிருந்து மாறுபட்டும் உள்ளது. அதாவது பௌத்த அறவியலை பெண்ணை முதன்மைப் படுத்தும் நோக்கிலிருந்து அழகியலாக முன்மொழிகிறது. நிலையாமையும் ஆண்மறுப்பும், காமத்தை மறுத்தல், பசிப்பிணி நீக்கமும் உயிர்ச்சமத்துவமும் போன்ற நெறிகளில் தனித்துவமான அறவியலை அழகியலாகக் கொண்டுள்ளது.
Pages: 892-901Views: 0 Downloads: 0ஓம் சக்தி இதழ்களின் உள்ளடக்கமும் கருத்தாக்கமும்: ஓர் ஆழமான இதழியல் மற்றும் இலக்கிய ஆய்வு Content and Concept of Om Sakthi Magazines: An In-depth Journalistic and Literary Study
A. Gayathri PhD Research Scholar (Full-time), Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College, Palakkad Road, Pollachi. India , Dr. K. Dhanalakshmi Research Guide, Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil, Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College, Palakkad Road, Pollachi. IndiaThis research paper provides a comprehensive and in-depth analysis of the journalistic and literary contributions of the Tamil monthly magazine 'Om Sakthi'. Established in 1983 by Arutselvar Dr. N. Mahalingam, this magazine stands as a significant milestone in the history of communication. This study establishes how the magazine functions as a "treasure trove of knowledge" across the fields of literature, culture, education, science, and spirituality, moving beyond mere news dissemination.
The paper discusses in detail how journalistic ethics are maintained through the magazine’s form (external structure) and content (internal structure), and how its core concepts have evolved to meet modern-day changes. Specifically, the study analyzes how the short stories featured in the magazine record social realities and how the poems document modern technological shifts using simple language. Ultimately, this research confirms that the magazine, born from Arutselvar’s visionary outlook, serves as a cultural ambassador transcending commercial interests.
Pages: 903-914Views: 0 Downloads: 0சங்க இலக்கியத்தில் அன்பும் அறமும்: பழந்தமிழர் வாழ்வியலின் விழுமியங்களும் சமூகக் கட்டமைப்பும் குறித்த விரிவான ஆய்வு Love and Virtue in Sangam Literature: A Comprehensive Study on the Values and Social Structure of Ancient Tamil Life
Dr. P. Aruljothi Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil, N.G.M. College, Pollachi. IndiaSangam literature serves as a temporal mirror reflecting the lifestyle of ancient Tamils, specifically their internal (Akam) and external (Puram) emotions. Created between 300 BCE and 300 CE, these literary works are centered around two grand principles that serve as the foundation of human life: 'Anbu' (Love) and 'Aram' (Virtue/Ethics). Sangam literature categorizes life into Akam and Puram, emphasizing various virtue-based ideologies. Within the structure of the family, it regulated a refined culture involving characters such as the hero, heroine, foster mother, biological mother, and neighbors; in the realm of politics, it highlighted the king’s benevolence, bravery, victory, and other leadership qualities.
Ancient Tamils sculpted their internal lives based on love and their external lives based on virtue. Through Sangam poems, this article extensively explores the depth of love, the strength of virtue that sustains that love, and the relationship between humans, animals, and nature. Furthermore, it analyzes how Sangam society maintained non-commercial ethics and a political system blending valor with compassion. It also examines the contribution of women in domestic life and how characters like the foster mother and biological mother upheld moral standards.
Pages: 915-927Views: 0 Downloads: 0குலசேகராழ்வாரின் இறையனுபவம்: பக்தி இலக்கியத்தில் ஒரு முழுமையான ஆய்வு The Divine Experience of Kulasekhara Azhwar: A Comprehensive Study in Bhakti Literature
Dr. R. Dhivya Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil, N.G.M. College, Pollachi. IndiaIn the history of Bhakti literature, the Pallava period and the later Chera period are considered a "Golden Age," as both Vaishnavism and Shaivism flourished during this era. In accordance with Thirumular’s proclamation, "God created me well, so that I may render Him well into Tamil," many great souls endowed with wisdom and divine love emerged in Tamil Nadu.
Among them, those who held a deep devotion to Lord Vishnu and were immersed in His divine attributes (Kalyana Gunas) are revered as the 'Azhwars'. Among the twelve Azhwars, Kulasekhara Azhwar is unique; though a crowned monarch, he renounced his royal life for the sake of divine service.
This article extensively analyzes how the Azhwar, driven by his love for Vishnu, experiences the Divine in various roles—such as a mother and a beloved—specifically within the fifth Thirumozhi titled 'Tharuthuyarathadayeel'. Furthermore, this study elaborates on his philosophy of total surrender (Saranagathi) and his profound longing for the sacred hills of Thiruvengadam, as expressed through his Sanskrit work Mukundamala and his Tamil hymns.
Pages: 928-937Views: 0 Downloads: 0திருமுறைகளில் வாழ்வியல் அறங்கள் Life Ethics in the Tirumurai
Dr. A. Vinnarasi Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil, Nirmala College for Women (Autonomous), Coimbatore - 18. India , Dr. M Rosy Assistant Professor, Department of History, Nirmala College for Women (Autonomous), Coimbatore -18. IndiaSangam literature reveals the thought processes, associated norms, practiced ethics, and beliefs that emerged in the lives of ancient Tamils. Establishing the path of life in a righteous manner constitutes the "Way of Life." The term Neri (Path) signifies a 'way' or 'method.' In the lives of ancient people, specific norms existed for various life components such as literature, politics, art, friendship, love, valor, and relationships. In the Tamil way of life, one can observe the progression of Aram (Virtue), seeking Porul (Wealth) through virtue, attaining Inbam (Pleasure) through wealth, and ultimately reaching Veeduperu (Liberation) through these three. Universal values such as honesty, truth, love, patience, and discipline are considered the exalted ethics of life.
While literature is an art form connected to emotions, it can also be regarded as a historical document that records the thoughts and practices of the people of that time. Not only in Sangam literature but also in Bhakti literature, various cultural and ethical elements have been adapted to suit social living. These serve as pillars for the character development of every individual. Changes occur in the heart and actions of every individual according to time and circumstance, forming the destiny of human life. To ensure society achieves happiness and peace, and to ensure individual lives attain self-sufficiency, duties and ethics serve as the guiding channels. This is precisely what the Tirumurai, epics, and kavyas proclaim.
Bhakti literatures serve as tools that lead people toward a noble path through the ages. The "Life Ethics" are those principles categorized and compiled by man himself to live as a true human being—to live prosperously within this world. This chapter aims to explain such life ethics through the perspective of the Tirumurai.
Pages: 938-947Views: 0 Downloads: 0திருவரங்கச் சிறப்பும் உவமை அமைப்பும் The special nature of the Thiruvaranga and the structure of the parable
Dr..V.GOPALAKRISHNAN Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil. Sona College of Arts and Science, Salem-5, Tamilnadu, India. Affliated to Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu. India. IndiaThe most revered place in Vaishnava shrines is the Thiruvaranga. The lying form of the Thirumal is particularly visible here. Many people worship and venerate this Thirumal in various ways. In particular, among the azhwars known as the great Vaishnava saints like Thirumangaiyazhwar and Kulasekarazhwar, Thondaradippodiyajwar also worshipped Lord Thiruvaranga. They have sung in their hymns, remembering and melting in the memory of Lord Thiruvaranga. It can also be seen that when singing in praise of Thirumalai, they have sung with great emotion, using metaphors. This study aims to investigate the historical accounts of the Thiruvaranga, its significance and organization, and the parables known in the poems of Thondaradippodiyāzhvar, in order to convey such stories to future generations.
Pages: 948-961Views: 0 Downloads: 0நற்றிணை: எயினந்தை மகனார் இளங்கீரனார் பாடல்களில் பொருட்புலப்பாடு Natrinai: Field Semantics of Songs in Eyinathai Maganar Ilankeeranar
K. Nalamaharajan Full Time PhD Research Scholar, Center For Bharathidasan Studies, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-24. India , A. Govindarajan Associate Professor, Center for Bharathidasan Studies, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-24. IndiaThe oldest Literature in the Tamil language is the Sangam literature, which is classified as the most ancient literature. That literature is divided into Akam and Puram categories on the basis of disciplines. In internal literature, subject fields are used as references to convey information. That method is used for the concentration of ideas and for expression of ideas. Tolkappiyar defined the subject – fields. Furthermore, kinship, plants, animals, religion, rituals, costumes, clothing, dwelling, utensils, household words, politics, many kind of food, sculptures, architecture, communication, business, war, sports and entertainment, colors, measurements, festivals, rituals, medical methods, cosmetics, transportation, science, special names, nature, characteristics, etc., can be included in the subject field. Like singular words, compound words also have a subject relationship. By examining the semantic relationship of compound words, the semantic creation of compound words can also be revealed. This article examines the topic using this content strategy.
Pages: 962-970Views: 0 Downloads: 0Love, Mobility, and Materiality: A Critical Study of Merchant Imagery in Akanānūru
Prof. D. Uma Devi Professor of Tamil, Department of Indian Languages & Literary Studies, University of Delhi, New Delhi IndiaThis paper examines the role of salt merchant imagery in Akanānūru and its significance in shaping the concept of love within Sangam poetics. Moving beyond surface-level description, the study argues that merchant figures function as a structural device linking emotional experience (akam) with socio-economic realities (puram). Through close textual analysis, the paper demonstrates how themes of mobility, risk, trade, and survival inform representations of love, particularly in contexts of separation. The study highlights how economic life is not external to love but deeply embedded within its poetic expression.
Pages: 971-979Views: 0 Downloads: 0பெண்ணியம்: சங்க காலம் முதல் தற்காலம் வரையிலான தமிழ்ச் சமூகக் கட்டமைப்பும் இலக்கியப் பதிவுகளும் – ஓர் ஆய்வு Feminism: Tamil Social Structure and Literary Records from the Sangam Era to the Contemporary Age – A Study
Dr. S. Padma Assistant Professor, Department of Tamil, PERI College of Arts and Science, Mannivakkam, Chennai India , Ms. R. Madhiyazhagi First Year, B.A. Tamil PERI College of Arts and Science Mannivakkam, Chennai. IndiaThe primary objective of this research paper is to comprehensively examine female subjugation, patriarchal ideologies, and the social standing of women across the historical spectrum of Tamil society, utilizing literary evidence from the Sangam period to the present day. It elaborately discusses how the concept of “Feminism”—which diverges from traditional notions of womanhood to emphasize equality and liberation for women—originated in Western nations and subsequently evolved within the Tamil literary landscape. The paper systematically analyzes restrictions related to inner life (Aham) in Sangam literature, rules from Tolkappiyam, gendered division of labor, and oppressive practices such as enforced widowhood (Kaimmai Nonbu) and Sati (Udankattai Eruthal). Furthermore, it critically evaluates modern feminist thought that emerged in the 1980s, the growth of women’s education, voices raised against dowry atrocities, and the fragmentation of family structures as portrayed through the novels of women writers such as Rajam Krishnan and Tilakavathi. Additionally, the reflection of the economic theories of Marxist feminist thinker Friedrich Engels in modern Tamil novels and the perspectives of contemporary feminist studies published in open-access journals are presented in detail on a comparative basis.
Pages: 980-993Views: 0 Downloads: 0Journal Info
Information
ADDITIONAL MENU
- Editorial Policies
- Peer Review Policy
- Peer Review Process
- Open Access Policy
- License agreement
- Licensing Policy
- Article Processing Fee
- Recommended Reviewer
- Complaint Policy
- Ethical & Malpractice Policies
- Advertising Policy
- Licenses, Copyright & Permissions
- Peer Review & Publication Policies
- Article Retraction & Withdrawal Policy
- Policies on Conflict of Interest and Informed Consent
- Privacy Statement
- Editorial Policies
- PLAGIARISM POLICY
Contact Address
Submit & Technical Contact
S.VEERAKANNAN
E-Mail: editorial.kalanjiyam@ngmc.org
Mobile: 9788175456
NGM College, 90, Palghat Road, Pollachi 642001, Tamilnadu, INPublisher
Kalanjiyam - International Journal of Tamil Studies
களஞ்சியம் - சர்வதேச தமிழ் கல்வி ஆராய்ச்சி இதழ்
Dept of Library and Information Science & Dept of Tamil,
Nallamuthu Gounder Mahalingam College,
90, Palghat Road, Pollachi 642001, Tamilnadu, INDIA
Publisher Website: https://www.ngmc.org/
Kalanjiyam களஞ்சியம் - சர்வதேச தமிழ் கல்வி ஆராய்ச்சி இதழ் eISSN: 2456-5148 - Dept of Library and Information Science & Dept of Tamil, NGM College, Pollachi 642001
Sanguline Theme by Sangu Ilmu